C L

C L. W. Grimm: Lexicon Graeco-Latinum in Libros Novi Testamenti (2d ed., Leipzig, 1879). An English ed. enlarged by Dr. Thayer will be publ. by the Harpers, N. Y., in 1884 or 1885. Herrmann Cremer, Biblisch-Theologisches Wörterbuch der Neutestamentlichen Gräcität (3d revised ed., Gotha, 1882); Engl. transl. by W. Urwick; Biblico-Greek Lexicon(Edinburgh and New York, 1878). C. H. Bruder: Concordantice N. T. Graeci (Lips., 1853). G. V. Wigram: The Englishman''s Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament (2d ed., London, 1866; 4 parts, 2 vols.); The Hebraist's Vade Mecum (London, 1867); The Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament (5th ed., London, 1868). C. F. Hudson: A Critical Greek and English Concordance of the New Testament, revised and completed by Ezra Abbot (7th ed., Boston, 1883). Robert Young: Analytical Concordance to the Bible (Edinburgh, 1879; New York, 1881). Abr. Trommius: Concordantice Graecae Versionis LXX. Interpretum (Amstel, 1718; 2 vols, folio). William Henderson: Dictionary and Concordance of Scriptural Names {Edinburgh, 1869). K. F. Keil: Einleitung in das A. Test. (Frankfurt, 2d ed., 1859); English transl. with Supplementary Notes, by Principal G. C. M. Douglas (Edinburgh, 1869; in 2 vols.). F. Bleek: Einleitung in's A. T. (4th ed., Berlin, 1878); translated into English by G. H. Venables (London, 1869; 2 vols.). By the same: Einleitung in's N. T. (3d ed., Berlin, 1875); translated by Kev. W. Urwick (Edinburgh, 1870; 2 vols.). Ed. Reuss: Gesch. d. heil. Sch. N. T. (5th ed. Braunschweig, 1874); Gesch d. heil. Schr. A. T. (1881). W. M. L. De Wette: Hislorisch-kritische Einleitung in die Bibel (8th ed., Berlin, 1869). E. H. Plumptre: The Bible Educator (London and New York, 1876-78; 4 vols.). E. C. Bissell: The Historic Origin of the Bible (New York, 1873). T. H. Horne, Introduction to the Holy Scriptures (14th ed., London, 1877, 4 vols.). The Works of Philo and Josephus. Philip Schaff: History of the Apostolic Church (New York, 1853; new ed., 1880). Heinrich Ewald: Geschichte des Volkes Israel (3d ed., Gottingen, 1864-1868; 8 vols.); English translation. History of Israel (London, 1871-1876; 5 vols.); Life of Jesus Christ (Cambridge, 1865); Antiquities of Israel (London, 1876). Rabbi Raphall: Post-Biblical History of the Jews (New York, 1866, 2 vols.). Conybeare and Howson: Life and Epistles of St. Paul (London, 1853; often reprinted). William Brown: The Tabernacle: Its Priests and Services. With diagrams, etc. (Edinburgh, 1872). George Rawlinson: The Five Great Monarchies of the Eastern World (2d. ed., London and New York, 1873; 3 vols.). 5 Thomas Lewin: The Life and Epistles of St. Paul (revised ed.; London, 1875; 2 vols.). A. P. Stanley: History of the Jewish Church (London and New York, 1876; revised ed., 1880, 3 vols.). A. Edersheim: Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ (London, 1876)., F. W. Farrar: Life and Epistles of St. Paul (London and New York, 1879; 2 vols.). C. F. Schmid: Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (Stuttgart, 1853). G. F. Oehler: Theologie des Alten Testament (Tübingen, 1863; Engl. transl., Edinb., and as revised by Dr. Day, N. Y., 1884). H. Schultz: Theologie des Alten Testament (Frankfurt; 2d ed., rewritten, 1878). J. J. Van Oosterzee: Theology of the New Testament (London, 1870). Paul Scholz: Götzendienst u. Zauberwesen bei den alien Hebräern (Regensburg, 1877). B. Weiss: Biblical Theology of the New Testament (Engl. transl. of the 3d ed., London, 1882-83, 2 vols.). Hadrian Reland (professor in Utrecht; died 1718): Palestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata (Traj., 1714; 2 vols.). H. Maundrell: Aleppo to Jerusalem, and Cairo to Mount Sinai, by Rt. Rev. R. Clayton (London, 1810). A. H. Layard: Nineveh and its Remains (London, 1849; 2 vols.). Edward Robinson (professor in Union Theological Seminary, New York; died 1863): Biblical Researches in Palestine and the adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the Years 1838 and 1852, by E. Robinson and Eli Smith (new ed., Boston, 1856; 3 vols. Published simultaneously in America, England, and Germany); Physical Geography of the Holy Land (New York, 1865). W. M. Thomson (American missionary in Beirut): The Land and the Book (Edinburgh and New York, 1859; 2 vols. A new and enlarged edition in 3 vols., with superior illustrations, New York, 1880, sqq.). John Wilson: The Lands of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1845; 2 vols.). Carl Ritter (who made thorough and comprehensive studies of the subject, although he never visited the country): Vergleichende Erdkunde der Sinai- Halbinsel, von Palestina und Syrien (Berlin, 1848-55, 4 vols.). Parts 14-17 of the second edition of the author's great work, Die Erdkunde. Abridged translation by W. L. Gage (New York and London, 1866; 4 vols.). W. F. Lynch: Exploration of the Jordan and the Dead Sea (U. S. Expedition). (Philadelphia, 1849.) Carl von Raumer: Palestina (Leipzig, 1835; 4th ed, 1860). Arthur P. Stanley (Dean of Westminster, who visited the Holy Land in 1853, and with the prince of Wales, 1861): Sinai and Palestine in Connection with their History (London and New York, 1853; thoroughly revised, 1883). H. B. Tristram(Canon of Durham): The Land of Israel (with special reference to its physical features) (London, 1865; 3d ed., 1876); Bible Places: or, The Topography of the Holy Land (London, 1871; new ed. 1875); The Land of Moab (London, 1873). J. Macgregor: Rob Roy on the Jordan (London and New York, 1870). E. H. Palmer: The Desert of the Exodus (Cambridge, 1871, 2 vols.; N. Y., 1872, 1 vol.). J. L. Porter: Giant Cities of Bashan (New York, 1873). George Smith: Aszyrian Discoveries (New York, 1875). H. J. Van Lennep: Bible Lands: their Modern Customs and Manners illustrative of Scripture (New York, 1875). C. R. Conder: Tent-Work in Palestine (London and New York, 1878; 2 vols.). Philip Schaff: Through Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Desert, and Palestine (New York and London, 1878; revised and enlarged, London ed., 1880). J. G. Wilkinson: Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. New ed.; revised by Samuel Birch, LL.D. (London, 1878; 3 vols.). E. W. Lane: Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (London, 1836; 5th ed., 1871). Samuel Manning: Land of the Pharaohs (London, 1878); Those Holy Fields (London, 1879), S. C. Bartlett: From Egypt to Palestine (New York, 1879). British Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statements (London, 1868, sqq.); Our Work in Palestine (London, 1875); Maps and Memoirs (1880-1884, 8 vols). American Palestine Exploration Society: Occasional Reports (New York, 1872, sqq.). Deutscher Palestina-Verein: Zeitschrift (Leipzig, 1878, sqq.). J. L. Porter: Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine (London, Murray, 1873). K. Baedeker: Palestine and Syria, Handbook for Travellers (Leipzig, 1871; 2d German ed.,
revised and enlarged, 1880). By the same: Egypt and Sinai (Leipzig, 1878). M. E. Brugsch: La Trouvaille de Deir-El-Bahari Vingt Photographies; Teste par G. Maspero, d'Antiquites Director General des Musees d'Egypte, Le Caire, Imprimerie Francaise, F. Monres et C'*, 1881. Georg Ebers: Durch Gosen zum Sinai (2d ed., Leipzig, 1881). Selah Merrill: East of the Jordan, (1 vol., N. Y., 1881). H. C. Trumbull: Kadesh-barnea (New York, 1884; 1 vol). George Williams: The Holy City (2d ed., London, 1849; 2 vols.). Dr. Titus Tobler (a Swiss physician and very accurate archaeologist; died 1877): Topographie von Jerusalem (Berlin, 1854; 2 vols.). J. T. Barclay, M. D.: The City of the Great King; or, Jerusalem as it Was, as it Is, and as it Is to Be (Philadelphia, 1858). E. Pierotti: Jerusalem Explored. Trans, by Bonney (London, 1864; 2 vols, quarto. The second vol. contains plates). The Recovery of Jerusalem (London and New York, 1871), Contains the reports and journals of Captains Wilson and Warren, etc., relating to the recent excavations of
the Palestine Exploration Fund during the preceding three years; with an Introduction by Dean Stanley, Walter Besant and E, H, Palmer: Jerusalem, the City of Herod and Saladin (London, 1871). Charles Warren (captain of Royal Engineers; late in charge of the explorations in the Holy Land): Underground Jerusalem (London, 1876). Dr. Carl Zimmermann: Karten und Plane zur Topographic des Alten Jerusalem (Basel, 1876). Bernhard Neumann: (a Jewish physician who resided in Jerusalem fifteen years): Die heilige Stadt und deren Bewohner (Hamburg, 1877). Instructive for modern Jerusalem. Samuel Clark: Biblical Atlas. Index of geographical names by George Grove (quarto; London, 1868). William Smith: Atlas of Ancient Geography, Biblical and Classical. Edited by William
Smith, D.C.L., LL.D., and George Grove (folio; London, 1874). Petrus Forskal: Flora Egyptiaco-Arabica (Havniae [Copenhagen], 1775). C. W. King: Antique Gems and Rings (London, 1860). S. Tenney: Natural History of Animals (New York, 1865). H. B. Tristram: Natural History of the Bible (London and New York, 1867). J. D. Dana, LL.D.: A System of Mineralogy (New York, 1869). J. G. Wood: Bible Animals (London, 1869). E. Loomis, M. D.: A Treatise on Meteorology (New York, 1872). J. T. Moggridge: Harvesting- Ants (London, 1873). Edmond Boissier: Flora Orientalis (Basle: now issuing). J. G. Wood: Animal Kingdom (London and Boston, 1870). Bohn's Naturalist's Library. Edited by Sir William Jardine, F. R, S, E., etc. (Edinburgh and London, 1858, sqq.; 40 vols.). Casell's Natural History. Edited by Dr. P. M, Duncan, F. R. S. (London and New York, 1878-1880). B. F. Westcott: History of the English Bible (London, 1868). John Eadie: History of the English Bible (London, 1876; 2 vols.). W. F. Moulton: History of the English Bible (London, Paris, and New York). John Stoughton: Our English Bible (London, 1878). H. Stevens:The Bibles in the Caxton Exhibition (London, 1878). J. I. Mombert: Handbook of the English Versions (N. Y. and London, 1883). P. Schaff: Companion to the Greek Text and the English Version (N. Y. and London, 1883; revised ed., 1884). J. P. Lange: Commentary on Old and New Testaments (Anglo-American edition, New York and Edinburgh, 1864-80, 25 vols.; new ed., 1884). The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary (London and New York, 1871-82; 10 vols.). Edited by Canon F. C. Cook. H. A. W. Meyer: Commentary on the New Testament (Engl, transl., Edinburgh, 1873-82, 20 vols.; partly republ. with additions, N. Y., 1881, sqq.). C. J. Ellicott: New Testament Commentary for English Readers (London, 1878; 3 vols.). J. B. Lightfoot: Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians (6th ed., London, 1880); Commentary on the Epistle to the Philippians (3d ed., London, 1873); Commentary on The Epistle to the Colossians, Philemon (London, 1875). Philip Schaff: Popular Illustrated Commentary on the New Testament (New York and Edinb., 1879-83, 4 vols.). Also since 1882 in small vols, under title of International Revision Commentary. A number of other commentaries, German and English, on the Old and New Testaments, have been used more or less. Among these the German commentaries of Keil and Delitzsch, translated in Clark's Library, and the Scotch of Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown, deserve mention. (a) ENGLISH WORKS. William Smith: Dictionary of the Bible (London, 1863, 3 vols.). Am. ed. complete, with a number of original contributions and bibliographical supplements by Prof. H. B. Hackett, D. D., and Ezra Abbot, LL.D. (New York, 1868-70; 4 vols.). J. Kitto: Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature. 3d ed. by W. L. Alexander, D. D., of Edinburgh (London and Philadelphia, 1866, 3 vols.). P. Fairbairn: The Imperial Bible Dictionary, Illustrated (Edinburgh, 1867; 2 vols.). McClintock and Strong: Cyclopaedia of Biblical Theology and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York, 1867-81; 10 vols.; 3 vols, of supplements). J. Ayre: The Treasury of Bible Knowledge (new ed., London, 1870). Potter's Bible Encyclopaedia. Edited by W. Blackwood, D.D., LL.D. (Philadelphia, 1876; 2 vols.). A. R. Fausset: The Englishman's Bible Cyclopaedia (London, 1878). Schaff-Herzog: Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (N. Y., 1882-84; 3 vols.). (b) GERMAN WORKS. G. B. Winer: Biblisches Realworterbuch (3d ed., Leipzig, 1849; 2 vols.). H. Zeller (with Fronmuller, Hainlen, Klaiber, Leyrer, Merz, D. Volter, L. Volter, Wunderlich, etc.): Biblisches Worterbuch fur das christliche Volk (2d ed., Gotha, 1866; 2 vols.) D. Schenkel (in connection with Bruch, Diestel, Dillmann, Fritzsche, Gass, Graf, Hausrath, Hitzig, Holtzmann, Keim, Lipsius, Mangold, Merx, Noeldeke, Reuss, Roskoff, Schrader, Schwarz, Schweizer): Bibel-Lexikon (Leipzig, 1869-75; 5 vols.). Ed. G. Aug. Riehm (aided by G. Baur, Beyschlag, Delitzsch, Ebers. Kamphausen, Kleinert, Schlottmann. Schrader, Schurer): Handworterbuch des Biblischen Altertums. With many illustrations (Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1875, sqq.). Herzog and Plitt: Real-Encyklopaedie fur Protest. Theologie und Kirche. (New ed., Leipzig, 1876, sqq. To be completed in 15 vols. The first edition had 22 vols.). A and O, or ALPHA and OMEGA, the first and the last letters of the Greek alphabet, are four times used by Christ, Rev 1:8, Rev 1:11[omitted in oldest MSS.] ;Rev 21:6; Rev 22:13, just as the phrase "The first and .... the last" is used by Jehovah, Isa 41:4;Isa 44:6, to express the idea of eternity, and also of divine causality. The Church very early adopted these two letters as a symbol of the eternal divinity of our Lord, and used it extensively on monuments of every description, sometimes alone, but more frequently in connection with the cross and the monogram of Christ in its various forms, as