Testimonies Against the Jews

THE JEWS

Cyprian to his son Quirinus, greeting. It was necessary, ray beloved son, that I should obey your spiritual desire, which asked with most ■urgent petition for those divine teachings where- with the Lord has condescended to teach and instruct us by the Holy Scriptures, that, being led away from the darkness of error, and enlightened by His pure and shining light, we may keep the way of life through the saving sacraments. And indeed, as you have asked,, so has this discourse been arranged by me ; and this treatise has been ordered in an abridged compendium, so that I should not scatter what was written in too diffuse ■ an abundance, but, as far as my poor memory suggested, might collect all that was necessary in selected and connected heads, under which I may seem, not so much to have treated the subject, as to have afforded material for others

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tions

The eyes of the eanh are closed " is the reading of other edi-

^ [It is hard for us to retain the fact that for three hundred years to be a Christian was to be a martyr, at least in spirit and in daily liability, i Cor. xv. 31; 1 Pet. iv. 12. J

J [Addressed to Quirinus, and dated .^.d. 248.]

to treat it. Moreover, to readers also, brevity of the same kind is of very great advantage, in that a treatise of too great length dissipates the understanding and perception of the reader, while a tenacious memory keeps that which is read in a more exact compendium. But I have comprised in my undertaking two books of equally moderate length : one wherein I have endeavoured to show that the Jews, according to what had before been foretold, had departed from God, and had lost God's favour, which had been given them in past time, and had been promised them for the future ; while the Chris- tians had succeeded to their place, deserving well of the Lord by faith, and coming out of all nations and from the whole world. The 'iecond book likewise contains the sacrament of Christ, that He has come who was announced accord- , ing to the Scriptures, and has done and perfected ' all those things whereby He was foretold as being able to be perceived and known.'* And these things may l3e of advantage to you meanwhile, as you read, for forming the first lineaments of your faith. More strength will be given you, and the intelligence of the heart will be effected more and more, as you examine more fully the Scriptures, old and new, and read through the complete volumes of the spiritual books. 5 For now we have filled a small measure from the divine fountains, which in the meantime we would send to you. You will be able to drink more plentifully, and to be more abundantly satisfied, if you also will approach to drink together with us at the same springs of the divine fulness.^ I bid you, beloved son, always heartily farewell.

FIRST BOOK HEADS

1. That the Jews have fallen under the heavy wrath of God, because they have departed from the Lord, and have followed idols.

2. Also because they did not believe the prophets, and put them to death.

3. That it was previously foretold that they would neither know the Lord, nor understand nor receive Him.

4. That the Jews would not understand the Holy Scriptures, but that they would be intelli- gible in the last times, after Christ had come.

5. That the Jews could understand nothing of the Scriptures unless they first believed on Christ.

6. That they would lose Jerusalem, and leave the land which they had received.

■* This sentence is otherwise read, " whereby it may be perceived and known that it is He Himself who was foretold."

s [p. 227, note 3, supra. I cannot but note repeatedly how abso- lutely the primitive Fathers relied on the Holy Sc'ptures, and com- mended a Kerean use of them. Acts xvii. ii.J

f> The canon assumed to be universally known. 1

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7. That they would also lose the Light of the Lord.

8. That the first circumcision of the flesh was made void, and a second circumcision of the spirit was promised instead.

9. That the former law, which was given by Moses, was about to cease.

10. That a new law was to be given.

11. That another dispensation and a new covenant was to be given.

12. That the old baptism was to cease, and a new one was to begin.

13. That the old yoke was to be made void, and a new yoke was to be given.

14. That the old pastors were to cease, and new ones to begin.

15. That Christ should be God's house and temple, and that the old temple should pass away, and a new one should begin.

16. That the old sacrifice should be made void, and a new one should be celebrated.

I 7. That the old priesthood should cease, and a new priest should come who should be for ever.

18. That another prophet, such as Moses, was promised, to wit, who should give a new testa- ment, and who w^as rather to be listened to.

19. That two peoples were foretold, the elder and the younger ; that is, the ancient people of the Jews, and the new one which should be of us.

20. That the Church, which had previously been barren, should have more sons from among the Gentiles than the synagogue had had before.

21. That the Gentiles should rather believe in Christ.

22. That the Jews should lose the bread and the cup of Christ, and all His grace ; while we should receive them, and that the new name of Christians should be blessed in the earth.

23. That rather the Gentiles than the Jews should attain to the kingdom of heaven.

24. That by this alone the Jews could obtain pardon of their sins, if they wash away the blood of Christ slain in His baptism, and, passing over into the Church, should obey His precepts.'

I. That the Jews have fallen under the heavy wrath of God because they have forsaken the Lord, and have followed idols.

In Exodus the people said to Aaron : "Arise, and make us gods which shall go before us : be- cause as for this man Moses, who brought us out of Egypt, we know not what has become of him." - In the same place also Moses says to the Lord : " O Lord, I pray thee, this people have sinned

' [These twenty-four propositions are specially worthy of the consideration of the young theologian who would cle.irly comprehend the (lid Law and the New as St. Paul has expounded them in his Kpistle to the Romans, and elsewhere.]

- £x. xxxii. I.

a great sin. They have made to themselves gods of gold and silver. And now, if thou wilt forgive them their sin, forgive ; but if not, blot me out of the book which Thou hast written. And the Lord said unto Moses, If any one hath sinned against me, him will I blot out of my book." ^ Likewise in Deuteronomy : "They sacrificed unto demons, and not unto God." •♦ In the book of Judges too : " And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the Lord God of their fathers, who brought them out of the land of Egy])t, and followed the gods of the peoples that were round about them, and offended the Lord, and forsook God, and ser\'ed Baal." s Also in the same place : " And the children of Israel added again to do evil -' in the sight of the Lord, and served Baal and the gods of the strangers, and forsook the Lord, and served Him not." ^ In Malachi : " Judah is forsaken, and has become an abomi- nation in Israel and in Jerusalem, because Judah has profaned the holiness of the Lord in those things wherein He hath loved, and courted strange gods. The Lord will cut off the man who doeth this, and he shall be made base in the tabernacles of Jacob." 8

2. Also because they did not believe the prophets, and put them to death.

In Jeremiah the Lord says : " I have sent unto you my servants the prophets. Before the day- light I sent them (and ye heard me not, and did not listen with your ears), saying, Let every one of you be converted from his evil way, and from your most wicked desires ; and ye shall dwell in that land which I have given you and your fathers for ever and ever." ^ And again : '° " Go not after other gods, to serve them, and do not wor- ship them ; and i:»rovoke me not to anger in the works of your hands to scatter you abroad ; and ye have not hearkened unto me." " Also in the third book of the Kings, Elias saith unto the Lord : " In being jealous I have been jealous for the Lord God Almighty ; because the children of Israel have forsaken Thee, have demolished Thine altars, and ha\c slain Thy prophets with the sword ; and I have remained solitary, and they seek my life, to take it away from me." '^ In Ezra also : " They have fallen away from Thee, and have cast Thy law behind their backs, and have killed Thy prophets which testified against them that they should return to Thee." '^

3 Ex. xxxii. 31-33.

* Dcut. xxxii. 17.

5 Judg. ii 11-13.

*> " And again they did evil."

7 Judg. iv. I.

8 Mai. ii. II.

9 Jer. vii. 25, xxv. 4.

'° The words " and again " are sometimes omitted: and sometimes read " Moreover, in the same place." " Jer xxv. 6, 7. '-' I Kings xix. 10. 'J Neh. ix. 26.

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3. That it was previously foretold that they would neither know the Lord, nor under- stand, nor receive Him.

In Isaiah : " Hear, O heaven, and give ear, O earth : for the Lord hath spoken ; I have be- gotten and brought up children, but they have rejected me. The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib : but Israel hath not known me, and my people hath not perceived me. Ah sinful nation, a people filled with sins, a wicked seed, corrupting children : ye have forsaken the Lord, and have sent that Holy One of Israel into anger." ' In the same also the Lord says : " Go and tell this people, Ye shall hear with the ear, and shall not understand ; and seeing, ye shall see, and shall not perceive. For the heart of this people hath waxed gross, and they hardly hear with their ears, and they have shut up their eyes, lest haply they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and under- stand with their heart, and should return, and I should heal them." - Also in Jeremiah the Lord says : " They have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and have dug for themselves worn- out cisterns, which could not hold water." ^ Moreover, in the same : " Behold, the word of the Lord has become unto them a reproach, and they do not wish for it." •* Again in the same the Lord says : " The kite knoweth his time, the turtle, and the swallow ; 5 the sparrows of the field keep the time of their coming in ; but my people doth not know the judgment of the Lord. How say ye. We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us ? The false measurement ^ has been made vain ; the scribes are confounded ; the wise men have trembled, and been taken, be- cause they have rejected the word of the Lord." 7 In Solomon also : " Evil men seek me, and shall not find mc ; for they held wisdom in hatred, and did not receive the word of the Lord," " Also in the twenty-seventh Psalm : " Render to them their deserving, because they have not per- ceived in the works of the Lord." ^ Also in the eighty-first Psalm : " They have not known, neither have they understood ; they shall walk on in darkness." '° In the Gospel, too, according to John : " He came unto His own, and His own received Him not. As many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God who believe on His name." "

' Isa. i. 2-4.

- Isa vi. g, lo.

3 Jer. ii. 13.

■* Jer. vi. 10.

5 According to the Oxford edition: " The turtle and the swallow knoweth its time," etc.

'' Six ancient authorities have " your measurement."

'' Jer. viii. 7-9.

^ Prov. i. 28, 29.

9 Ps. xxviii. 4, 5. "^ Ps Ixxxii. 5. ^' John i. II, 12.

4. That the Jews would not understand the

Holy Scriptures, but that they would be .intelligible in the last times, after that Christ had come.

In Isaiah : "And all these words shall be unto you as the words of a book that is sealed, which, if you shall give to a man that knoweth letters to read, he shall say, I cannot read, for it is sealed. But in that day the deaf shall hear the words of the book, and they who are in darkness and in a cloud ; the eyes of the blind shall see." '^ Also in Jeremiah : " In the last of the days ye shall know those things." '^ In Daniel, moreover : " Secure the words, and seal the book until the time of consummation, until many learn, and knowledge is fulfilled, because when there shall be a dispersion they shall know all these things." "* Likewise in the first Epistle of Paul to the Cor- inthians : " Brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, that all our fathers were under the cloud." '5 Also in the second Epistle to the Cor- inthians : " Their minds are blinded even unto this day, by this same veil which is taken away in Christ, while this same veil remains in the reading of the Old Testament, which is not un- veiled, because it is made void in Christ ; and even to this day, if at any time Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart. But by and by, when they shall be turned unto the Lord, the veil shall be taken away." '^ In the Gospel, the Lord after His resurrection says : " These are the words which I spake unto you while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled which are written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the Psalms, concerning me. Then opened He their understanding, that they might understand the Scriptures ; and said unto them, That thus it is written, and thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise again from the dead the third day ; and that repentance and remis- sion of sins should be preached in His name even among all nations." '7

5. That the Jews could understand nothing of

the Scriptures unless they first believed in Christ.

In Isaiah : " And if ye will not believe, neither will ye understand." '*^ Also the Lord in the Gospel : " For if ye believe not that I am He, ye shall die in your sins." '^ Moreover, that righteousness should subsist by faith, and that in it was life, was predicted in Habakkuk :' " Now

'^ Isa. xxix. II- 18. '3 Jer. xxiii. 20. '< Dan. xii. 4-7. '5 I Cor. X. I.

'* 2 Cor. iii. 14-16. There is a singular confuson in the reading of this quotation. The translator has followed Migne's text. '7 Luke xxiv. 44-47. '^ Isa. vii, 9. '9 John viii. 24.

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the jvist shall live by faith of me." ' Hence Abraham, the father of the nations, believed ; in Genesis : " Abraham believed in God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness." ^ In like manner, Paul to the Galatians : " Abraham l)elicved in (iod, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. Ye know, therefore, that they which are of faith, the same are children of Abra- ham. But the Scripture, foreseeing that God justifieth the heathens by faith, foretold to Abra- . ham that all nations should be blessed in him. Therefore they who are of faith are blessed ^ with faithful Abraham." *

6. That the Jews should lose Jerusalem, and

should leave the land which they had received.

In Isaiah : " Your country is desolate, your cities are burned with fire : your land, strangers shall devour it in your sight ; and the daughter of Zion shall be left deserted, and overthrown by foreign peoples, as a cottage in a vineyard, and as a keeper's lodge in a garden of cucum- bers, as a city which is besieged. And unless the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we should have been as Sodoma, and we should have been like unto Gomorrah." s Also in the Gospel the Lord says : " Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy chil- dren as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and thou wouldst not ! Behold, your house shall be left unto you desolate."^

7. Also that they should lose the Light of the

Lord.

In Isaiah : " Come ye, and let us walk in the light of the Lord. For He hath sent away His people, the house of Israel." 7 In His (iospel also, according to John : " That was the true light which lighteth every man that cometh into this world. He was in this world, and the world was made by Him, and the world knew Him not." ^ Moreover, in the same place : " He that believeth not is judged already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. And this is the judgment, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light." '^

8. That the first circumcision of the flesh is

made void, and the second circumcision of the spirit is promised instead.

' Hab. ii. 4.

^ Gen. XV. 6.

3 The Burgundian codex reads, " are justified."

* Gal. iii. 6-9. s Isa. i. 7-9.

6 Matt xxiii. 37, 38.

7 Isa. ii. 5, 6.

* John i. 9, 10.

9 John iii. 18, 19.

In Jeremiah: "Thus saith the Lord to the men of Judah, and to them who inhabit Jerusa- lem, Renew newness among you, and do not sow among thorns : circumcise yourselves to your God, and circumcise the foreskin of your heart ; lest my anger go forth like fire, and burn you up, and there be none to extinguish it." '° Also Moses says : " In the last days God will circumcise thy heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the Lord thy God." " Also in Jesus the son of Nave : " And the Lord said unto Jesus, Make thee small knives of stone, very sharp, and set about to circumcise the children of Israel for the second time." '^ Paul also, to the Colos- sians : " Ye are circumcised with the circumcis- ion not made with hands in the putting off of the flesh, but with the circumcision of Christ." '^ Also, because Adam was first made by God uncircumcised, and righteous Abel, and Enoch, who pleased God and was translated ; and Noah, who, when the world and men were perishing on account of transgressions, was chosen alone, that in him the human race might be preserved ; and Melchizedek, the priest according to whose order Christ was promised. Then, because that sign did not avail women, '+ but all are sealed by the sign of the Lord.

9. That the former law which was given by

Moses was to cease.

In Isaiah : " Then shall they be manifest who seal the law, that they may not learn ; and he shall say, I wait upon the Lord, who turneth away His face from the house of Jacob, and I shall trust in Him." •= In the Gospel also : "All the prophets and the law prophesied until John." "^

10. That a new law was to be given.

In Micah : " For the law shall go forth out of Sion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusa- lem. And He shall judge among many peoples, and He shall subdue and uncover strong na- tions." '7 Also in Isaiah : " For from Sion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem ; and He shall judge among the na- tions." '^ Likewise in the Gospel according to Matthew : " And behold a voice out of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased ; hear ye Him. " '^

'° Jer. iv. 3, 4. " Deut. xxx. 6. '- Josh. V. 2. '3 Col. ii. II.

'■» This appears to be the natural reading, but it rests on slight au- thority; the better accredited reading being " ^""-'•"'•■^ " f'^' " <"»'";r,,c " '5 Lsa. viii. 16, 17. '6 Matt, xi 13. '7 Mic. iv. 2, 3. '3 Isa. ii. 3, 4. 19 Matt. xvii. 5.

' seminis " for " feminis."

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11. That another dispensation and a new cov-

enant was to be gi\'en.

In Jeremiah : " Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, and I will complete for the house of Israel, and for the house of Judah, a new testa- ment, not according to the testament which I ordered with their fathers in that day in which I took hold of their hands to bring them out of the land of Egypt, because they remained not in my testament, and I disregarded them, saith the Lord : Because this is the testament which I will establish with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord : I will give them my laws, and into their minds I will write them ; and I will be to them for a God, and they shall be to ine for a people ; and they shall not teach every man his brother, saying. Know the Lord : for all shall know me, from the least even to the greatest of them : for I will be merciful to their iniquities, and will no more be mindful of their sins." '

12. That the old baptism should cease, and a

new one should begin.

In Isaiah : " Therefore remember ye not the former things, neither reconsider the ancient things. Behold, I make new the things which shall now arise, and ye shall know it ; and I will make in the desert a way, and rivers in a dry place, to give drink to my chosen race, my peo- ple whom I acquired, that they should show forth my praises." ^ In the same also : " If they thirst, He will lead them through the deserts ; He will bring forth water from the rock ; the rock shall be cloven, and the water shall flow : and my people shall drink." ^ Moreover, in the Gospel according to Matthew, John says : " I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance : but He that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear ; He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire." ■♦ Also according to John : " Except a man be born of water, and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. For that which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit." 5

13. That the old yoke should be made void,

and a new yoke should be given.

In the second Psalm : " For what purpose have the heathen raged, and the people ima- gined vain things? The kings of the earth stood up, and the rulers have gathered together against the Lord, and against His Christ. Let us break their bonds asunder, and cast away their yoke from us." ^ Likewise m the Gospel according

' Ter. x.vxi. ^1-34. - Isa. xliii. 18-21 ■5 Isa. xlvUi. 21. * Matt. iii. ii. 5 John iii. 5, 6. ^ "P*. ii. 1-3.

to Matthew, the Lord says : " Come unto me, all ye that labour and are burdened, and I will cause you to rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me ; for I am meek and lowly in heart : and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is excellent, and my burden is light." 7 In Jeremiah : " In that day I will shat- ter the yoke from their neck, and will burst their fetters ; and they shall not labour for others, but they shall labour for the Lord God ; and I will raise up David a king unto them." ^

14. That the old pastors should cease and new ones begin.

In Ezekiel : " Wherefore thus saith the Lord, Behold, I am above the shepherds ; and I will require my sheep from their hands, and I will turn them away from feeding my sheep ; and they shall feed them no more, and I will deliver my sheep from their mouth, and I will feed them with judgment." ^ In Jeremiah the Lord says : "And I will give you shepherds according to my own heart, and they shall feed you with the food of discipline." '° In Jeremiah, more- over : " Hear the word of the Lord, ye nations, and tell it to the islands which are afar off. Say, He that scattereth Israel will gather him, and will keep him as a shepherd his flock : for the Lord hath redeemed Jacob, and taken him ou*: from the hand of him that was stronger than he." "

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In

That Christ should be the house and tem- ple of God, and that the old temple should cease, and the new one should begin.

the second book of Kings : " And the word of the Lord came to Nathan, saying. Go and tell my servant David, Thus saith the Lord, Thou shalt not build me an house to dwell in ; but it shall be, when thy days shall be fulfilled, and thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will raise up thy seed after thee, w"hich shall come from thy bowels, and I wall make ready his kingdom. He shall build me an house in my name, and I will raise up his throne for ever ; and I will be to him for a father, and he shall be to me for a son : and his house shall obtain confidence, and his kingdom for evermore in my sight." '^ Also in the Gospel the Lord says : " There shall not be left in the temple one stone upon another that shall not be thrown do-«Ti." '^ And " After three days another shall be raised up without hands." '+

" Matt. xi. 28-30.

^ Jer. XXX. 8, 9.

9 Ezek. xxxiv. 10-16. '° Jer. iii. 15. " Jer. xxxi. 10, 11. '- 2 Sam. vii. 4, 5, 12-16. '3 Matt. xxiv. 2. '* John ii. ly; Mark xiv. 58,

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1 6. That the ancient sacrifice should be made

void, and a new one should be cele- brated.

In Isaiah : " For what purpose to me is the inultitude of your sacrifices? saith the Lord: I am full ; I will not have the burnt sacrifices of rams, and fat of lambs, and blood of bulls and goats. For who hath required these things from your hands? " ' Also in the forty-ninth Psalm : •• I will not eat the flesh of bulls, nor drink the blood of goats. Offer to God the sacrifice of praise, and pay your vows to the Most High. Call upon me in the day of trouble, and I will deliver thee : and thou shalt glorify me." ^ In the same Psalm, moreover : " The sacrifice of praise shall glorify me : therein is the way in which I will show him the salvation of (iod."^ In the fourth Psalm too : " Sacrifice the sacri- fice of righteousness, and hope in the Lord." •* Likewise in Malachi : "I have no pleasure con- cerning you, saith the Lord, and I will not have an accepted offering from your hands. Because from the rising of the sun, even unto the going down of the same, my name is glorified among the Gentiles ; and in every place odours of incense are offered to my name, and a pure sac- rifice, because great is my name among the nations, saith the Lord." s

1 7. That the old priesthood should cease, and

a new priest should come, who should be for ever.

In the cixth Psalm : " Before the morning star I begat thee. The Lord hath sworn, and He will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever> after the order of Melchizedek." ^ Also in the first book of Kings, God says to the priest Eli : " And I will raise up to me a faithful priest, who shall do all things which are in my heart : and I will build him a sure house ; and he shall pass in the presence of my anointed ones for all days. And it shall be, whosoever shall remain in thine house, shall come to worship for an obolus of money, and for one loaf of bread." '

18. That another Prophet such as Moses was

promised, to wit, one who should give a new testament, and who rather ought to be heard.

In Deuteronomy God said to Moses : " And the Lord said to me, A Prophet will I raise up to them from among their brethren, such as

' Isa. i. II, 12. a Ps. 1. n-15.

3 Ps. 1. 23.

* Ps iv. 5 5 Mai. i. 10, II chizedck. Oen. xiv

fP. 251, note I, supra. The oblation of Mel- 18. The Oxford translator adds, " with the in- cense of pious prayers." See Justin, vol. i. p. 215, cap. xli., and Irenaeus, vol. i. p. 484. j * Ps. ex. 3. ' I Sam li. 35, 36.

thee, and I will give my word in His mouth \ and He shall speak unto them that which I shall command Him. And whosoever shall not hear whatsoever thmgs that Prophet shall speak in my name, I will avenge it." ^ Concerning whom also Christ says in the Gospel according to John : " Search the Scriptures, in which ye think ye have eternal life. These are they which set forth testimony concerning me ; and ye will not come to me, that ye might have life. Do not think that I accuse you to the Father : there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, on whom ye hope. For if ye had believed Moses,, ye would also believe me : for he wrote of me. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words? " ^

19. That two peoples were foretold, the elder

and the younger ; that is, the old peo- ple of the Jews, and the new one which should consist of us.

In Genesis : " And the Lord said Tinto Re- bekah, Two nations are in thy womb, and two peoples shall be separated from thy belly ; and the one people shall overcome the other people ; and the elder shall serve the younger." '" Also in Hosea : " I will call them my people that are not my people, and her beloved that was not beloved. For it shall be, in that place in which it shall be called not my people, they shall be called the sons of the living God." "

20. That the Church which before had been-

barren should have more children from among the Gentiles than what the syn- agogue had had before.

In Isaiah : " Rejoice, thou barren, that bar- est not ; and break forth and cry, thou that travailest not : because many more are the chil- dren of the desolate one than of her who hath an husband. For the Lord hath said. Enlarge the place of thy tabernacle, and of thy curtains, and fasten them : spare not, make long thy measures, and strengthen thy stakes : stretch forth yet to thy right hand and to thy left hand ; and thy seed shall possess the nations, and shall inhabit the deserted cities. Fear not ; because thou shalt overcome : nor be afraid because thou art cursed ; for thou shalt forget thy eternal confusion."'- Thus also to Abraham, when his former son was born of a bond-woman, Sarah remained long barren ; and late in old age bare her son Isaac, of promise, who was the type of Christ. Thus also Jacob received two wives : the elder Leah, with weak eyes, a type of the

8 Deut. xviii. 18, 19.

9 John V. 39, 40, 45-47- ■° (len. XXV. 23.

" Hos. ii. 23, I. 10. *- Isa. liv. i-A.

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synagogue ; the younger the beautiful Rachel, a type of the Church, who also remained long barren, and afterwards brought forth Joseph, who also was himself a type of Christ. And in the first of Kings it is said that Elkanah had two wives : Peninnah, with her sons ; and Han- nah, barren, from whom is born Samuel, not according to the order of generation, but accord- ing to the mercy and promise of God, when she had prayed in the temple ; and Samuel being born, was a type of Christ. Also in the first book of Kings : " The barren hath borne seven ; and she that had many children has grown weak." ' But the seven children are the seven churches. Whence also Paul wrote to seven churches ; and the Apocalypse sets forth seven churches, that the number seven may be pre- served ; as the seven days in which God made the world ; as the seven angels who stand and go in and out before the face of God, as Raphael the angel says in Tobit ; and the sevenfold lamp in the tabernacle of witness ; and the seven eyes of God, which keep watch over the world ; and the stone with seven eyes, as Zechariah says ; and the seven spirits ; and the seven candlesticks in the Apocalypse ; and the seven pillars upon which Wisdom hath builded her house in Solo- mon.

21. That the Gentiles should rather believe in Christ.

In Genesis : " And the Lord God said unto Abraham, Go out from thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, and go into that land which I shall show thee : and I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and I will magnify thy name ; and thou shalt be blessed : .ind I will bless him that bless- eth thee, and I will curse hiui that curseth thee : and in thee shall all the tribes of the earth be blessed."^ On this same point in Genesis: " And Isaac blessed Jacob.^ Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a plentiful field which the Lord hath blessed : and God give thee of the dew of heaven, and of the fertility of the earth, abundance of corn, and wine, and oil : and peoples shall obey thee, and princes shall worship thee : and thou shalt be lord over thy brother, and the sons of thy father shall worship thee : and he that curseth thee shall be cursed, and he that blesseth thee shall be blessed." ■♦ On this matter too in Genesis : " But when Joseph saw that his father placed his right hand on the head of Ephraim, it seemed displeasing to him : and Joseph laid hold of his father's hand, to lift it from the head of Ephraim

' I Sam. ii. 5. [Compare Treatise .\i. p. 503, su/>ra.] ~ Oen. xi. 1-3.

3 The quotation in the Oxford edition begins from this point. * (jen. xxvii. 27-29.

on to the head of Manasseh. Moreover, Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father : this is my first-born ; place thy right hand upon his head. But he would not, and said, I know it, my son, I know it : and he also shall be a peo- ple, and he shall be exalted ; but his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations." 5 More- over in Genesis : " Judah, thy brethren shall praise thee : thine hand shall be upon the back of thine enemies ; the sons of thy father shall worship thee. Judah is a lion's whelp : from the slender twig,^ my son, thou hast ascended : thou layedst down and sleepedst as a lion, and as a lion's whelp. Who shall stir him up ? There shalt not fail a prince from Judah, and a leader from his loins, until those things entrusted to him shall come ; and he is the hope of the na- tions : binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the branch of the vine ; ^ he shall wash his garments in wine, and his clothing in the blood of the grape : terrible are his eyes with wine, and his teeth are whiter than milk." ^ Hence in Numbers it is written concerning our people : " Behold, the people shall rise up as a lion-like people." ^ In Deuteronomy : " Ye Gentiles shall be for the head ; but this unbe- lieving people shall be for the tail." '° Also in Jeremiah : " Hear the sound of the trumpet. And they said. We will not hear : for this cause the nations shall hear, and they who shall feed their cattle among them." " In the seventeenth Psalm : " Thou shalt establish me the head of the nations : a people whom I have not known have ser\'ed me : at the hearing of the ear they have obeyed me." '^ Concerning this very thing the Lord says in Jeremiah : " Before I formed thee in the belly, I knew thee ; and before thou wentest forth from the womb, I sanctified thee, and established thee as a prophet among the nations." '^ Also in Isaiah : " Behold, I have manifested him for a witness to the nations, a prince and a commander to the peoples." '■♦ Also in the same : " Nations which have not known Thee shall call upon Thee ; and peoples which were ignorant of Thee shall flee to Thee." 's In the same, moreover : " And in that

5 Gen. xlviii. 17-19. The whole of this quotation is wanting in more than one codex.

6 " Frutice." The Oxford translator has here, without any authority as it appears, from the text, adopted the reading of the Vulgate, " ad praedam." Cyprian has used the LXX., reading apparently, €k ^Aatrxou. The Hebrew HTtSO gives a colour to

either reading. See Gesenius, Lejr. />i voce ^"^0. [Elucidation X.]

7 Original, "ad cilicium;" LXX. rrj eAiici, " the tendril of the vine; " Oxford trans. " the choice vine."

^ Gen. xlix. 8-12.

9 Num. xxiii. 14. ^

1° Deut. xxviii. 44.

I' Jer. vi. 18.

12 Ps. xviii. 43, 44.

" Jer. i. 5.

'< Isa. Iv. 4.

IS Isa. Iv. 5.

514

day there shall be a root of Jesse, which shall rise to rule in all the nations ; in Him shall the (ientiles hope : and His rest shall be honour." ' In the same again : " The land of Zebulon, and the land of Nephtalim, by the way of the sea, and ye others who inhabit the maritime places, and beyond Jordan- of the nations. People that walk in darkness, behold ye a great light ; ye who dwell in the region of the shadow of death, the light shall shine upon you." ^ .'\lso in the same: "Thus saith the Lord (iod to Christ my Lord, whose right hand I hold, that the nations may hear Him ; ami I will break asunder the strength of kings, I will open before Him gates ; and cities shall not be shut." ■♦ Also in the same : " I come to gather together all na- tions and tongues ; and they shall come, and see my glory. .\nd I will send out over them a standard, and I will send those that are pre- served among them to the nations which are afar off, which have not heard my name nor seen my glory ; and they shall declare my glory to the nations." 5 Also in the same : " x\nd in all these things they are not converted ; therefore He shall lift up a standard to the nations which are afar, and He will draw them from the end of the earth." '' Also in the same : " Those who had not been told of Him shall see, and they who ha.ve not heard shall understand." ^ Also in the same : " I have been made manifest to those who seek me not : I have been found of those who asked not after me. I said, Lo, here am I, to a nation that has not called upon my name." ^ Of this same thing, in the Acts of the Apostles, Paul says : *' It was necessary that the word of God should first be shown to you ; but since ye put it from you, and judged yourselves unworthy of eternal life, lo, we turn to the Gen- tiles : for thus said the Lord by the Scriptures, Behold, I have set Thee a light among the nations, that Thou shouldest be for salvation even to the ends of the earth." ''

22. That the Jews would lose while we should receive the bread and the cup of Christ and all His grace, and that the new name of (Christians should be blessed in the earth.

In Isaiah : " Thus saith the Lord, Behold, they who serve me shall eat, but ye shall be hungry : behold, they who serve me shall drink, but ye shall be thirsty : '° behold, they who serve

I

2

Isa. xi. lo.

Oxford edition adds '

' Galilee.

„

3

Isa.

IX. I, 2.

4

Isa.

xlv. I.

5 6

Isa. Isa

Ixvi. i8, V. 25, 26

19.

7

Isa.

Hi 15.

B

9

10

etc.,

Isa. Ixv. I. Acts xiii. 46 This second is wantiiig in

47- clause, " Behold, .so;nc editions.

they

who

serve

me

shall d

rink,"

me shall rejoice, but ye shall be confounded ; the Lord shall slay you. But to those who serve me a new name shall be named, which shall be blessed in the earth." " Also in the same place : " Therefore shall He lift up an ensign to the nations which are afar off, and He will draw them from the end of the earth ; and, behold, they shall come swiftly with lightness ; they shall not hunger nor thirst." '^ Also in the same place : " Behold, therefore, the Ruler, the Lord of Sabaoth, shall take away from Judah and from Jerusalem the healthy man and the strong man, the strength of bread and the strength of water." '^ Likewise in the thirty-third Psalm : " O taste and see how sweet is the Lord. Blessed is the man that hopeth in Him. Fear the Lord God, all ye His saints : for there is no want to them that fear Him. Rich men have wanted and have hungered ; but they who seek the Lord shall never want any good thing." '■♦ Moreover, in the Gospel according to John, the Lord says : " I am the bread of life : he that cometh to me shall not hunger, and he that trusteth in me shall never thirst." '5 Likewise He saith in that place : " If any one thirst, let him come and drink. He that believeth on me, as the Scripture saith, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water." "^ Moreover, He says in the same place : " Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink His blood, ye shall have no life in you." '7

23. That the Gentiles rather than the Jews

attain to the kingdom of heaven.

In the Gospel the Lord says : " Many shall come from the east and from the west, and shall lie down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven ; but the children of the kingdom shall go out into outer darkness : there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." '**

24. That by this alone the Jews can receive

pardon of their sins, if they wash away the blood of Christ slain, in His baj)- tism, and, j)assing over into His Church, obey His precepts.

In Isaiah the Lord says : " Now I will not re- lease your sins. When ye stretch forth youi hands, I will turn away m)- face from you ; and if ye multiply prayers, I will not hear you : for your hands are full of blood. Wash you, make you clean ; take away the wickedness from your souls from the sight of mine eyes ; cease from your wickedness ; learn to do good ; seek judg-

" Isa. Ixv. 13-15.

' - Isa. V. 26, 27.

'^ Isa. iii. I, 2.

'* Ps. xxxiv. 8-1O.

'5 John vi. 35.

't' John vii. 37, 38.

'" John vi. S3-

■2 Matt. viii. 11, !■?,

515

meiit ; keep him who suffers wrong ; judge for th.e orphan, and justify the widow. And come, let us reason together, saith the Lord : and al- though your sins be as scarlet, I will whiten ' them as snow ; and although they were as crim- son, I will whiten - them as wool. And if ye be willing and listen to me, ye shall eat of the good of the land ; but if ye be unwilling, and will not hear me, the sword shall consume you ; for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken these things." ^

SECOND BOOK' HEADS

1. That Christ is the First-born, and that He is the Wisdom of God, by whom all things were made.

2. That Christ is the Wisdom of God; and about the sacrament of His incarnation, and passion, and cup, and altar, and the apostles who were sent and preached.

3. That Christ also is Himself the Word of God.

4. That the same Christ is God's hand and arm.

5. That the same is Angel and God.

6. That Christ is God.

7. That Christ our God should come as the Illuminator and Saviour of the human race.

8. That although from the beginning He had been Son of God, He had yet to be begotten again according to the flesh.

9. That this should be the sign of His nativity, that He should be born of a virgin — man and God — Son of man and of God.

10. That Christ is man and God, compounded of either nature, that He might be a mediator between us and the Father.

11. That He was to be born of the seed of David after the flesh.

12. That He should be born in Bethlehem.

13. That He should come in lowly condition on His first advent.

14. That He was the righteous One whom the Jews should put to death.

1 5 . That He was called a Sheep and a Lamb who would have to be slain, and concerning the sacrament of the passion,

16. That He is also called a Stone.

17. That subsequently that stone should be- come a mountain, and should fill the whole earth.

18. That in the last times the same mountain should be manifested, upon which the Gentiles should come, and on which the righteous should go up.

19. That He is the Bridegroom, having the

' " Exalbabo." 2 " Inalbabn." 2 Lsa. i i5-2a

Church as His bride, from whom children should be spiritually born.

20. That the Jews should fasten Him to the cross.

21. That in the passion and the sign of the cross is all virtue and power.

22. That in this sign of the cross is salvation for all who are marked on their foreheads.

23. That at mid-day, during His passion, there should be darkness.

24. That He should not be overcome of death, nor should remain in hell.

25. That He should rise again from hell on the third day.

26. That when He had risen. He should re- ceive from His Father all power, and His power should be eternal.

27. That it is impossible to attain to God the Father, except through the Son Jesus Christ.

28. That He is to come as a Judge.

29. That He is to reign as a King for ever.

30. That He is both Judge and King.

I. That Christ is the First-born, and that He is the Wisdom of God, by whom all things were made.

In Solomon in the Proverbs : " The Lord es- tablished + me in the beginning of His ways, into His works : before the world He founded me. In the beginning, before He made the earth, and before He appointed the abysses, before the fountains of waters gushed forth, before the mountains were settled, before all the hills, the Lord begot me. He made the countries, and the uninhabitable places, and the uninhabitable bounds under heaven. When He prepared the heaven, I was present with Llim ; and when He set apart His seat. When He made the strong clouds above the winds, and when He placed the strengthened fountains under heaven, when He made the mighty foundations of the earth, I was by His side, ordering them : I was He in whom He delighted : moreover, I daily rejoiced before His face in all time, when He rejoiced in the perfected earth." 5 Also in the same in Ecclesiasticus : " I went forth out of the mouth of the Most High, first-born before every crea- ture : I made the unwearying light to rise in the heavens, and I covered the whole earth with a cloud : I dwelt in the high places, and my throne in the pillar of the cloud : I compassed the circle of heaven, and I penetrated into the depth of the abyss, and I walked on the waves of the sea, and I stood in all the earth ; and in

■• [Condidit. Bull, Opp., v. p. 515. e/cTijo-aro, Jerome: eKxio-f, alii. See Justin, vol. i. p. 264; Athenagoras, vol. ii. p. 133; Clement, ib., p. 194; and see note, Oxford translation. See Irenacus, vol. i. p. 4S8.]

5 Prov. viii. 22-31.

5i6

every people and in every nation I had the pre- eminence, and by my own strength I have trod- den the hearts of all the excellent and the humble : in me is all hope of life and virtue : pass over to me, all ye who desire me." ' Also in the eighty-eighth Psalm : " And I will estab- lish Him as my first-born, the highest among the kings of the earth. I will keep my mercy for Him for ever, and my faithful covenant for Him ; and I will establish his seed for ever and ever. If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments ; if they profane my judg- ments, and do not observe my precepts, I will visit their wickednesses with a rod, and their sins with scourges ; but my mercy will I not scatter away from them." ^ Also in the Gospel according to John, the Lord says : " And this is life eternal, that they should know Thee, the only and true God, and Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent. I have glorified Thee on the earth : I have finished the work which Thou gavest me to do. And now, do Thou glorify me with Thyself, with the glory which I had with Thee before the world was made." ^ .'Mso Paul to the Colossians : " Who is the image of the invisible God, and the first-born of every crea- ture." "^ Also in the same place: "The first- born from the dead, that He might in all things become the holder of the pre-eminence." s In the Apocalypse too : "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto Him that is thirsting from the fountain of the water of life freely." ^ That He also is both the wisdom and the power of God, Paul proves in his first Epistle to the Corinthians. " Because the Jews recjuire a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom : but we preach Christ crucified, to the Jews indeed a stumbling-l)lock, and to the Gentiles foolishness ; but to them that are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God." ?

2. That Christ is the Wisdom of God ; and concerning the sacrament of His incar- nation and of His passion, and cup and altar ; and of the apostles who were sent, and preached.

In Solomon in the Proverbs : " Wisdom hath Duilded herself an house, and she has placed under it seven pillars ; she has slain her victims ; she hath mingled her wine in the goblet, and hath made ready her table,^ and hath sent her

' Ecclus. xxiv. 3-7. - Ps. Ixxxix. 27-33. 3 John xvii. 3-5.

* Col. i. 15. 5 Col. i. 18.

*> Rev. xxi. 6. ' 1 Cor. i. 22-24.

* [The house = the Church; the seven pillars = Isa. xi. 2, 3; her table = the Lord's table; her cup = the sacrament of the Hlood; her

loaves = of the Body. thors.J

Then her servants = preachers. So old au-

servants, calling with a loud announcement to the cup, saying. Let him who is foolish turn to me : and to them that want understanding she has said. Come, eat of my loaves, and drink the wine which I have mingled for you. Forsake foolishness, and seek wisdom, and correct knowl- edge by understanding." ^

3. That the same Christ is the Word of God.

In the forty-fourth Psalm : " My heart hath breathed out a good Word. I tell my works to the King." '° Also in the thirty-second Psalm : " By the Word of God were the heavens made fast ; and all their strength by the breath of His ; mouth." " Also in Isaiah : "A Word completing and shortening in righteousness, because a short- ened word will God make in the whole earth." '^ Also in the cvith Psalm : " He sent His Word, and healed them." '3 Moreover, in the Gospel according to John : " In the beginning was the Word, and the A\'ord was with God, and God was the Word. The same was in the beginning with Ciod. All things were made by Him, and without Him was nothing made that was made. In Him was life ; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in darkness ; and the darkness comprehended it not," '•* Also in the Apocalypse : " And I saw the heaven opened, and lo, a white horse ; and he who sate upon him was called Faithful and True, judging rightly and justly ; and He made war. And He was covered with a garment sprinkicd with blood ; and His name is called the Word of God." '5

4. That Christ is the Hand and Arm of God.'^

In Isaiah : " Is God's Hand not strong to save ? or has He made His ear heavy, that He cannot hear? But your sins separate between you and God ; and on account of your sins He turns His face away from you, that He may not pity. For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with sins. Moreover, your lips have spoken wickedness, and your tongue medi- tates unrighteousness. No one speaketh truth, nor is there true judgment : they trust in vanity, and speak emptiness, who conceive sorrow, and bring forth wickedness." '^ Also in the same place : " Lord, who hath believed our report ? and to whom is the Arm of God revealed?" '^ Also in the same : "Thus saith the Lord, Heaven is my throne, and the earth is the support of my

9 Prov. Ix. 1-6. 10 Ps. xlv. I. r^l'D "IST. Hebrew. Aoydc, Seft. Verbun^

T T

Vulg. Matter, Etig. and Angl. Psalter. ^ " Ps. xxxiii. 6. '^ Isa. X. 23. '^ Ps! cvii. 20. '■* John i. 1-5. " Rev. xix. 11-13.

'^ f Hence the Spirit, " the finger of God." Lulte xi. 20 ] '^ Isa. lix. 1-4. '■' Isa. liii. I.

517

feet. V/hat house will ye build unto me? or what is the place for my rest? For all these things hath mine hand made." ' Also in the same : " O Lord God, Thine Arm is high, and they knew it not ; but when they know it, they shall be confounded." ^ Also in the same : " The Lord hath revealed His Arm, that holy Arm, in the sight of all nations ; all nations, even the ends of the earth, shall see salvation from God." 3 Also in the same place: "Behold, I have made thee as the wheels of a thrashing chariot, new and turned back upon them- selves ; " ■* and thou shalt thrash the mountains, and shalt beat the hills small, and shalt make them as chaff, and shalt winnow them ; and the wind shall seize them, and the whirlwind shall scatter them : but thou shalt rejoice in the saints of Israel ; and the poor and needy shall exult. For they shall seek water, and there shall be none. For their tongue shall be dry for thirst. I the Lord God, I the God of Israel, will hear them, and will not forsake them ; but I will open rivers in the mountains, and fountains in the midst of the fields. I will make the wildernesses watery groves, and a thirsty land into water- courses. I will establish in the land of drought the cedar-tree and the box-tree, and the myrtle and the cypress, and the elm 5 and the poplar, that they may see and acknowledge, and know and believe together, that the Hand of the Lord hath done these things, and the Holy One of Israel hath shown them."^

5. That Christ is at once Angel and God.^

In Genesis, to Abraham : " And the x\ngel of the Lord called him from heaven, and said unto him, Abraham, Abraham ! xAnd he said. Here am I. And He said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou anything unto him. For now I know that thou fearest thy God, and hast not spared thy son, thy beloved son, for my sake." ^ Also in the same place, to Jacob : " And the Angel of the Lord spake unto me in dreams, I am God, whom thou sawest in the place of God ^ where thou anointedst me a pil- lar of stone, and vowedst to me a vow." '° Also in Exodus : " But God went before them by day indeed in a pillar of cloud, to show them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire." " And

' Isa. Ixvi. I, 2.

2 Isa. xxvi. II.

3 Isa. Hi. 10.

* Original : " Rotas vehiculi triturantis novas in se retornatas." The Oxford edition reads the three last words, " in serras formatas: " and the translator gives, " the wheels of a thrashing instrument made with new teeth."

5 Some editions omit " and the elm."

^ Isa. xli. 15-20. [Irenaeus, vol. i. p. 487. "Word and Wisdom = hands."]

7 [i.e., the Jehovah-Angel. See TertuUian, vol. iii. p. 335.]

* Gen. xxii. 11, 12,

9 Sell. " Beth-el," " the house of God." '° Gen. xxxi. 13. ^' Ex. xiii. 21.

afterwards, in the same place : " And the Angel of God moved forward, which went before the army of the children of Israel." '^ Also in the same place : " Lo, I send my Angel before thy face, to keep thee in the way, that He may lead thee into the land which I have prepared for thee. Observe Him, and obey Him, and be not disobedient to Him, and He will not be wanting to thee. For my Name is in Him." '^ Whence He Himself says in the Gospel : " I came in the name of my Father, and ye received me not. When another shall come in his own name, him ye will receive." '* And again in the cxviith Psalm : " Blessed is He who cometh in the name of the Lord." '5 Also in Malachi : " My covenant of life and peace was with Levi ; "^ and I gave him fear, that he should fear me, that he should go from the face of my same. The law of truth was in his mouth, and unright- eousness was not found in his lips. In the peace of the tongue correcting, he walked with us, and turned many away from unrighteousness. Because the lips of the priests shall keep knowl- edge, and they shall seek the law at His mouth ; for He is the Angel of the Almighty." '7

6. That Christ is God.

In Genesis : " And God said unto Jacob, Arise, and go up to the place of Bethel, and dwell there ; and make there an altar to that God who ap- peared unto thee when thou fleddest from the face of thy brother Esau." '^ Also in Isaiah : " Thus saith the Lord, the God of Sabaoth, Egypt is wearied ; and the merchandise of the Ethiopians, and the tall men of the Sabeans, shall pass over unto Thee, and shall be Thy ser- vants ; and shall walk after Thee bound with ' chains ; and shall worship Thee, and shall pray to Thee, because God is in Thee, and there is no other God beside Thee. For Thou art God, and we knew it not, O God of Israel, our Sav- iour. They shall all be confounded and fear who oppose Thee, and shall fall into confusion." "^ Likewise in the same : " The voice of one cr)-^- ing in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight the paths of our God. Every channel shall be filled up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, and all crooked places shall be made straight, and rough places plain ; and the glory of the Lord shall be seen, and all flesh shall see the salvation of God, because the Lord hath spoken it." ^° Moreover, in Jeremiah :

■2 Ex. xiv. 19.

'3 Ex. xxiii. 20, 21. [See TertuUian, vol. iii. p. 335, a valuable passage. De Maistre has something to say on this, quite to the purpose. See Bull /rtij/w .• e.g., vol. v. pp. 21-26, 33, 40; 743-760.I

'■» John V. 43.

'5 Ps. cxviii. 26.

'* Otherwise, " My covenant was with life and peace." '

'" Mai. ii. 5-7.

'8 Gen. XXXV. i.

'9 Isa. xlv. 14-16.

-° Isa. xl. 3-5.

=^18

This is our (iod, and no other shall be esteemed beside Him, who hath found all the way of knowledge, and hath given it to Jacob His son, and to Israel His beloved. After this He was seen upon earth, and He conversed with men." ' Also in Zechariah God says : " And they shall cross over through the narrow sea, and they shall smite the waves in the sea, and they shall dry up all the depths of the rivers ; and all the haughti- ness of the Assyrians shall be confounded, and the sceptre of Egypt shall be taken away. And I will strengthen them in the Lord their God, and in His name shall they glory, saith the Lord." 2 Moreover, in Hosea the Lord saith : " I will not do according to the anger of mine indignation, I will not allow Ephraim to be de- stroyed : for I am God, and there is not a holy man in thee : and I will not enter into the city ; I will go after God." ^ Also in the forty-fourth Psalm : '" Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever : the sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of Thy kingdom. Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity : wherefore God, Thy God, hath anointed Thee with the oil of gladness above Thy fellows." ■♦ So, too, in the forty-fifth Psalm : "Be still, and know that I am (lod. I will be exalted among the nations, and I will be exalted in the earth." 5 Also in the eighty-first Psalm: " They have not known, neither have tliey un- derstood : they will walk on in darkness." ^ Also in the sixty-seventh Psalm : " Sing unto God, sing ]>raises unto His name : make a way for Him who goeth up into the west : God is His name." 7 Also in the Gospel according to John : "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word." ^ Also in the same : " The Lord said to Thomas, Reach hither thy finger, and behold my hands : and be not faithless, but believing. Thomas answered and said unto Him, My Lord and my God. Jesus saith unto him. Because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed : blessed are they who have not seen, and yet have believed." ^ Also Paul to the Romans : " I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren and my kindred according to the flesh : who are Israel- ites : whose are the adoption, and the glory, and the covenant, and the appointment of the law, and the serviice (of God), and the promises; whose are the fathers, of whom, according to the flesh, Christ came, who is God over all, blessed for evermore." '° Also in the Apocalypse : " I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end :

' Baruch iii, 35-37. " Zech. X. II, 12. 3 Hos. xi. 9, 10. * Ps. xlv. 6, 7. 5 Ps. xlv. 10. ^ Ps. Ixxxii. 5. ^ Ps. Ixviii. 4. ** John i I. 9 John XX. 27-39. '° Rom. ix. 3-5.

I will give to him that is athirst, of the fountain of living water freely. He that overcometh shall possess these things, and their inheritance ; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son." " Also in the eighty-first Psalm : " God stood in the congregation of gods, and judging gods in the midst." '^ And again in the same place : " I have said. Ye are gods ; and ye are all the chil- dren of the Highest : but ye shall die like men." '^ But if they who have been righteous, and have obeyed the divine precepts, may be called gods, how much more is Christ, the Son of God, God ! Thus He Himself says in the Gospel according to John : " Is it not written in the law, that I said. Ye are gods? If He called them gods to whom the word of God was given, and the Scrip- ture cannot be relaxed, do ye say to Him whom the Father hath sanctified and sent into the world, that thou blasphemest, because I said, I am the Son of God ? But if I do not the works of my Father, believe me not ; but if I do, and ye will not believe me, beheve the works, and know that the Father is in me, and I in Him." '•* Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " And ye shall call His name Emmanuel, which is, being interpreted, God with us." '5

7. That Christ our God should come, the En- lightener and Saviour of the human race.

In Isaiah : " Be comforted, ye weakened hands ; and ye weak knees, be strengthened. Ye who are of a timorous heart, fear not. Our God will recompense judgment, He Himself will come, and will save us. Then shall be opened the eyes of the blind, and the ears of the deaf shall hear. Then the lame man shall leap as a stag, and the tongue of the dumb shall be intel- ligible ; because in the wilderness the water is broken forth, and the stream in the thirsty land." '^ Also in that place : " Not an elder nor an angel, but the Lord Himself shall deliver them ; because He shall love them, and shall spare them, and He Himself shall redeem them."'^ Also in the same place : " I the Lord God have called Thee in righteousness, that I may hold Thine hand, and I will comfort Thee ; and I have given Thee for a covenant of my people, for a light of the nations ; to open the eyes of the blind, to bring forth them that are bound from chains, and those who sit in darkness from the prison-house. I am the Lord God, that is my name. I will not give my glory to another, nor my powers to graven images." '^ Also in the twenty-fourth Psalm : " Show me Thy ways, O Lord, and teach

" Rev. xxi. 6, 7. '- Ps. Ixxxii. I. '3 Ps. Ixxxii. 6, 7. '* John X. 34-38. IS Malt. i. 23. '6 Isa. XXXV. 3-6. '" Isa. Ixiii. 9. •li Isa. xhi. 6-8.

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me Thy paths, and lead me unto Thy truth, and teach me ; for Thou art the God of my sah'a- tion." ' Whence, in the Gospel according to John, the Lord says : " I am the light of the world. He that will follow me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life." ^ Moreover, in that according to Matthew, the angel Gabriel says to Joseph : " Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife. For that which shall be born to her is of the Holy Ghost. And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call His name Jesus ; for He shall save His people from their sins."-'' Also in that according to Luke : " And Zacharias was filled with the Holy Ghost, and prophesied, say- ing, Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, who hath foreseen redemption for His people, and hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of His servant David." ■♦ Also in the same place, the angel said to the shepherds : " Fear not ; for, behold, I bring you tidings that unto you is born this day in the city of David a Sav- iour, which is Christ Jesus." 5

8. That although from the beginning He had

been the Son of Ciod, yet He had to be begotten again according to the flesh.

In the second Psalm : " The Lord said unto me. Thou art my Son ; this day have I begotten Thee. Ask of me, and I will give Thee the nations for Thine inheritance, and the bounds of the earth for Thy possession." ^ Also in the Gospel according to Luke : " And it came to pass, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb ; and she was filled with the Holy Ghost, and she cried out with a loud voice, and said. Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. And whence does this happen to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me ? " 7 Also Paul to the Galatians : " But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent His Son, born of a woman." '^ Also in the Epistle of John : " Every spirit which confesses that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God. But who- soever denies that He is come in the flesh is not of God, but is of the spirit of Antichrist." ^

9. That this should be the sign of His nativity,

that He should be born of a virgin —

man and God — a son of man and a Son

of God.

In Isaiah : " And the Lord went on to speak

to Ahaz, saying. Ask thee a sign from the Lord

' Ps. XXV. 4, 5. " John viii. 12. J Matt. i. 20, 21.

* Luke i. 67-69. J Luke ii. 10, 11.

* Ps. ii. 7, 8.

^ Luke i. 41-43.

' Gal. iv. 4.

9 I John iv. 2, 3.

thy God, in the height above and in the depth below. And Ahaz said, I will not ask, and I will not tempt the Lord my God. And He said, Hear ye, therefore, O house of David : it is no trifling contest unto you with men, since God supplies the struggle. On this account God Himself will give you a sign. Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and shall bear a son, and ye shall call His name Emmanuel. Butter and honey shall He eat ; before that He knows to prefer the evil. He shall exchange the good." '° This seed God had foretold would proceed from the woman that should trample on the head of the devil. In Genesis : " Then God said unto the serpent. Because thou hast done this, cursed art thou from every kind of the beasts of the earth. Upon thy breast and thy belly shalt thou crawl, and earth shall be thy food all the days of thy life. And I will place enmity between thee and the woman and her seed. He shall regard thy head, and thou shalt watch his heel." "

10. That Christ is both man and God, com- pounded of both natures, that He might be a Mediator between us and the Father.

In Jeremiah : "And He is man, and who shall know Him ? " '- Also in Numbers : "A Star shall arise out of Jacob, and a man shall rise up from Israel." '^ Also in the same place : " A Man shall go forth out of his seed,'+ and shall rule over many nations ; and His kingdom shall be exalted as Gog,'5 and His kingdom shall be increased ; and God brought Him forth out of Egypt. His glory is as of the unicorn, and He shall eat the nations of His enemies, and shall take out the marrow of their fatnesses, and will pierce Hia enemy with His arrows. He couched and lay down as a lion, and as a lion's whelp. Who shall raise Him up ? Blessed are they who bless Thee, and cursed are they who curse Thee." '^ Also in Isaiah : " The Spirit of the Lord is upon me ; on account whereof He hath anointed me : He hath sent me to tell good tidings to the poor ; to heal the bruised in heart, to preach deliverance to the captives, and sight to the blind, to proclaim the acceptable year 'of the Lord, and the day of retribution." '7 Whence, in the Gospel accord- ing to Luke, Gabriel says to Mary : " And the angel, answering, said to her, The Holy Ghost

'° Isa. vii. 10-15. The ordinary reading here is, "before He knows, to refuse the evil and to choose the good." The reading in the text, however, is more authentic.

'' Gen. iii. 14, 15.

'^ Jer. xvii. g.

■3 Num. xxiv. 17.

'■• [Here the English {q. v.) gives the more literal reading, which, the Septuagint treats as a proverb, unfolding its sense. " Water from, the bucket " seems to have signified the .same as our low proverb " a chip from the block," hence = a Son from the Father. Num. xxiv. 7 ],

'5 The Oxford translator follows the English version, and reads, " over Agag."

"' Num. xxiv. 7-9.

■7 Isa. Ixi. I, 2.

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shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee. Wherefore that holy thing which is born of thee shall be called the Son of God." ' Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " The first man is of the mud ^ of the earth ; the second man is from heaven. .\s was he from the soil, such are they also that are of the earth ; and as is the heav- enly, such also are the heavenly. As we have borne the image of him who is of the earth, let us also bear the image of Him who is from heaven." ^

II. That Christ was to be born of the seed of David, according to the flesh.

In the second of Kings : " And the word of the Lord came to Nathan, saying. Go and tell my servant David, Thus saith the Lord, Thou shalt not build me an house to dwell in ; but it shall come to pass, when thy days shall be ful- filled, and thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will raise up thy seed after thee who shall come from thy loins, and I will establish His kingdom. He shall build me a house in my name, and 1 will set up His throne for ever ; and I will be to Him a Father, and He shall be to me a Son ; and His house shall obtain confidence, and His kingdom for ever in my sight." ^ Also in Isaiah : *' And a rod shall go forth of the root of Jesse, and a flower shall go up from his root ; and the Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon Him, the spirit of wisdom and of understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and piety ; and the spirit of the fear of the Lord shall fill Him." s Also in the cxxxist Psalm : " God hath sworn the truth unto David himself, -and He has not repudiated it ; of the fruit of thy belly will I set upon my throne." ^' Also in the Gospel according to Luke : " And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary. For thou hast found favour before God. Behold, thou shalt conceive, and shalt bring forth a son, and shalt call His name Jesus. The same shall be great, and He shall be called the Son of the Highest ; and the Lord God shall give Him the throne of His father David, and He shall reign over the house ■of Jacob for ever, and of His kingdom there shall be no end." ? Also in the Apocalypse : " And I saw in the right hand of God, who sate on the throne, a book written within, and on the back sealed with seven seals ; and I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to receive the book, and to open its seals? Nor was there any one either in heaven

Luke i. 35. " Liino."

1 Cor. XV. 47-49.

2 Sam. vii. 5, 12-16. Is.i. xi. 1-3.

Ps. cxxxii. II. Luke i. 30-33.

or upon the earth, or under the earth, who was able to open the book, nor even to look into it. And I wept much because nobody was found worthy to open the book, nor to look into it. And one of the elders said unto me, Weep not ; behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose its seven seals." ^

12. That Christ should be born in Bethlehem.

In Micah : " And thou, Bethlehem, house of Ephrata, art not little, that thou shouldst be appointed among the thousands of Judah. Out of thee shall He come forth to me, that He may be a prince in Israel, and His goings forth from the beginning from the days of old." 9 Also in the Gospel : " And when Jesus was born in Beth- lehem of Judah, in the days of Herod the king, behold. Magi came from the east to Jerusalem, saying. Where is He that is born King of the Jews? For we have seen His star in the east, and we have come with gifts to worship Him." '^

13. That Christ was to come in low estate in

His first advent.

In Isaiah : " Lord, who hath believed our report, and to whom is the Arm of the Lord revealed ? We have declared in His presence as children, as a root in a thirsty ground. There is no form nor glory in Him ; and we saw Him, and He had no form nor beauty ; but His form was without honour, and lacking beyond other men. He was a man set in a plague, and know- ing how to bear weakness ; because His face was turned away. He was dishonoured, and was not accounted of. He bears our sins, and grieves for us ; and we thought that He was in grief, and in wounding, and in affliction ; but He was wounded for our transgressions, and He was weakened " for our sins. The discipline of our peace was upon Him, and with His bruise we are healed. We all like sheep have gone astray ; man has gone out of his way. And God has delivered Him for our sins ; and He, because He was afflicted, opened not His mouth." '^ Also in the same : " I am not rebellious, nor do I contradict. I gave my back to the stripes, and my cheeks to the palms of the hands. More- over, I did not turn away my face from the foul- ness of spitting, and God was my helper." '^ Also in the same : " He shall not cry, nor will any one hear His voice in the streets. He shall not break a bruised reed, and a smoking flax He shall not extinguish ; but He shall bring forth

' Rev. V. 1-5. 9 Mic. V. 2 "^ Matt. ii. I, 2. " " Infirmatus: '-' Isa. liii. 1-7. " Isa. 1. 5-7.

' Oxford transl. " bruised." [See p. 516, supra.]

521

judgment in truth. He shall shine forth, and shall not be shaken, until He set judgment in the earth, and in His name shall the nations trust." ' Also in the twenty-first Psalm : " But I am a worm, and no man ; the accursed of man, and the casting away of the people. All they who saw me despised me, and spoke with- in their lips, and moved their head. He hoped in the Lord, let Him deliver him ; let Him save him, since he will have Him." ^ Also in that place : " My strength is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue is glued to my jaws." ^ Also in Zechariah : "And the Lord showed me Jesus, that great priest, standing before the face of the Angel of the Lord, and the devil was standing at his right hand to oppose him. And Jesus was clothed in filthy garments, and he stood before the face of the Angel Himself ; and He answered and said to them who were stand- ing before His face, saying. Take away his filthy garments from him. And he said to him. Be- hold, I have taken away thine iniquities. And put upon him a priestly garment,^ and set a fair mitre 5 upon his head."*" Also Paul to the Philippians : " Who, being established in the form of God, thought it not robbery that He was equal with God, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a servant, and was made in the like- ness of men ; and being found in fashion as a man, He humbled Himself, becoming obedient even unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore also God exalted Him, and gave Him a name which is above every name, that in the name '' of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, of things in earth, and of infernal things, and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord in the glory of God the Father." «

14. That He is the righteous One whom the Jews should put to death.

In the Wisdom of Solomon : " Let us lay hold of the righteous, because He is disagreeable to us, and is contrary to our works, and reproacheth us with our transgressions of the law.9 He pro- fesseth that He has the knowledge of God, and calls Himself the Son of God ; He has become to us an exposure of our thoughts ; He is griev- ous unto us even to look upon, because His life is unlike to others, and His ways are changed.

' Isa xlii. 2-4.

2 Ps xxii. 6-8.

3 Ps. xxii. 15.

f " Poderem," " a long priestly robe reaching to the heels " (Migne's Lexicon). The Oxford translation gives the meaning " an alb," which also is given in Migne.

5 Cidarim, the head-dress for the Jewish high priest.

* Zech. iii. i, 3, 5.

^ " In nomine; " Oxford translator, " at the name," following the Eng. ver. But see the Greek, c^ tio oro/uLan.

8 Phil, ii 6-II.

9 The Oxford translation here inserts from the Apocrypha, without authority even for its text, " and objecteth to us the transgressions of the law."

We are esteemed by Him as frivolous, and He

^ restraineth Himself from our ways, as if from

I uncleanness ; and He extols the last end of the

I righteous, and boasts that He has God for His

Father. Let us see, then, if His words are true,

' and let us try what will come to Him. Let us

interrogate Him with reproach and torture, that

we may know His reverence and prove His

patience. Let us condemn Him with a most

shameful death. These things they considered,

and erred. For their maliciousness hath blinded

I them, and they knew not the sacraments of

God." '° Also in Isaiah : " See ye how the

righteous perisheth, and no man understandeth ;

and righteous men are taken away, and no man

regardeth. For the righteous man is taken away

from the face of unrighteousness, and his burial

shall be in peace." " Concerning this very thing

it was before foretold in Exodus : " Thou shalt

not slay the innocent and the righteous." '^ Also

in the Gospel : " Judas, led by penitence, said

to the priests and elders, I have sinned, in that

I have betrayed the innocent blood." '^

15. That Christ is called a sheep and a lamb who was to be slain, and concerning the sacrament (mystery) of the passion.

In Isaiah : " He was led as a sheep to the slaughter, and as a lamb before his shearer is dumb, so He opened not His mouth. In His humiliation His judgment was taken away : who shall relate His nativity? Because His life shall be taken away from the earth. By the trans- gressions of my people He was led to death ; and I will give the wicked for His burial, and the rich themselves for His death ; because He did no wickedness, nor deceits with His mouth. Wherefore He shall gain many, and shall divide the spoils of the strong ; because His soul was delivered up to death, and He was counted among transgressors. And He bare the sins of many, and was delivered for their offences." '* Also in Jeremiah : " Lord, give me knowledge, and I shall know it : then I saw their medita- tions. I was led like a lamb without malice to the slaughter ; against me they devised a device, saying. Come, let us cast the tree into His bread, '5 and let us erase His life from the earth, and His name shall no more be a remem- brance." '^ Also in Exodus God said to Moses : " Let them take to themselves each man a sheep, through the houses of the tribes, a sheep without blemish, perfect, male, of a year old it shall be to you. Ye shall take it from the lambs and

'° Wisd. ii. 12-22.

" Isa. Ivii. I, 2. [Justin, vol. i. 203.]

'2 Ex. xxiii. 7.

'3 Matt, xxvii. 3, 4.

'■t Isa. liii. 7-Q, 12.

'5 [Tertull., iii. p. 166. Note also " the viystery of the passion."'J '^ Jer. xi. iS, 19.

;22

from the goats, and all the congregation of the synagogue of the children of Israel shall kill it in the evening ; and they shall take of its blood, and shall place it upon the two posts,' and upon the threshold in the houses, in the very houses in which they shall eat it. And they shall eat the flesh on the same night, roasted with fire ; and they shall eat unleavened bread with bitter herbs. 2 Ye shall not eat of them raw nor dressed in water, but roasted with fire ; the head with the feet and the inward parts. Ye shall leave nothing of them to the morning ; and ye shall not break a bone of it. But what of it shall be left to the morning shall be burnt with fire. But thus ye shall eat it ; your loins girt, and your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hands ; and ye shall eat it in haste : for it is the Lord's passover."^ Also in the Apoca- lypse : " And I saw in the midst of the throne, and of the four living creatures, and in the midst of the elders, a Lamb standing as if slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent forth throughout all the earth. And He came and took the book from the right hand of God, who sate on the throne. And when He had taken the book, the four living creatures and the four and twenty elders cast themselves before the Lamb, having every one of them harps and golden cups ■♦ full of odours of supplications, which are the prayers of the saints ; and they sang a new song, saying, Worthy art Thou, O Lord, to take the book, and to open its seals : for Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us with Thy blood from every tribe, and tongue, and people, and nation ; and Thou hast made us a kingdom unto our God, and hast made us priests, and they shall reign upon the earth." s Also in the Gospel : " On the next day John saw Jesus coming to him, and saith. Behold the Lamb of God, and behold Him that taketh away the sins of the world ! " ^

16. That Christ also is called a Stone.

In Isaiah: "Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I ])lace on the foundations of Sion a precious stone, elect, chief, a corner stone, honourable ; and he who trusteth in Him shall not be confounded." ^ Also in the cxviith Psalm : "The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner. This is done by the Lord, and it is wonderful in our eyes. This is the day

' Migne's reading differs considerably from this, and is as follows: " They shall take from the Iambs and the goats of its blood, and shall place It upon the two posts," etc.

- Erasmus reads for " picridibus," " lactucis agrestibus," wild lettuces.

^ Ex. xii. 3-12.

■* " Pateras."

S Rev. V. 6-10.

•> John i. 2g.

'' Isa. xxviii. 16. [See Tertull., " stumbling-stone," vol. iii. p. 165.]

which the Lord hath made ; let us rejoice and be glad in it. O Lord, save therefore, O Lord, direct therefore. Blessed is He who cometh in the name of the Lord." * Also in Zechariah : " Behold, I bring forth my servant. The Orient is hig name, because the stone which I have placed before the face of Jesus ; upon that one stone are seven eyes." 9 Also in Deuteronomy : " And thou shalt write upon the stone all this law, very plainly." '° Also in Jesus the son of Nave : "And he took a great stone, and placed it there before the Lord ; and Jesus said unto the people. Be- hold, this stone shall be to you for a testimony, because it hath heard all the things which were spoken by the Lord, which He hath spoken to you to-day ; and it shall be for a testimony to you in the last of the days, when ye shall have departed from your God." " Also in the Acts of the Apostles, Peter : " Ye princes of the people, and elders of Israel, hearken : Behold, we are this day interrogated by you about the good deed done to the impotent man, by means of which he is made whole. Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye have cru- cified, whom God hath raised up from the dead, by Him he stands whole in your presence, but by none other. This is the stone which was de- spised by you builders, which has become the head of the corner. For there is no other name given to men under heaven in which we must be saved." '^ This is the stone in Genesis, which Jacob places at his head, because the head of the man is Christ ; and as he slept he saw a lad- der reaching to heaven, on which the Lord was placed, and angels were ascending and descend- ing. "^ And this stone he designating Christ con- secrated and anointed with the sacrament of unction. This is the stone in Exodus upon which Moses sate on the top of a hill when Jesus the son of Nave fought against Amalek ; and by the sacrament of the stone, and the stedfastness of his sitting, Amalek was over- come by Jesus, that is, the devil was overcome by Christ. This is the great stone in the first book of Kings, upon which was placed the ark of the covenant when the oxen brought it back in the cart, sent back and returned by the strangers. Also, this is the stone in the first book of Kings, with which David smote the forehead of Goliath and slew him ; signifying that the devil and his servants are thereby thrown down — that part of the head, namely.

8 Ps. cxviii. 21-26.

9 Zech. iii. 8, g. '° Deut. .\xvii. 8.

" Josh. xxiv. 26, 27.

12 Acts iv. 8-12.

•3 [The anointing of this stone gave it the name of Messiah in our author's account; and this interpretation gives great dignity to Jacob's dying reference to Him, Gen. xlix. 24.] The Oxford edition omits " and descending."

523

being conquered ' which they have not had sealed. And by this seal we also are always safe and live. This is the stone which, when Israel had conquered the aliens, Samuel set up and called its name Ebenezer ; that is, the stone that helpeth.

17-

That afterwards this Stone should become a mountain, and should fill the whole earth.

In Daniel : " And behold a very great image ; and the aspect of this image was fearful, and it stood erect before thee ; whose head was of fine gold, its breast and arms were silver, its belly and thighs were of brass, and its feet were partly indeed of iron, and partly of clay, until that a stone was cut - out of the mountain, without the hands of those that should cut it, and struck the image upon the feet of iron and clay, and brake them into small fragments. And the iron, and the clay, and the brass, and the silver, and the gold, was made altogether ; and they became small as chaff, or dust in the threshing-floor in summer ; and the wind blew them away, so that nothing remained of them. And the stone which struck the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth." ^

18. That in the last times the same mountain should be manifested, and upon it the Gentiles should come, and on it all the righteous should go up.

In Isaiah : " In the last times the mountain of the Lord shall be revealed, and the house of God upon the tops of the mountains ; and it shall be exalted above the hills, and all nations shall come upon it, and many shall walk and say, Come, and let us go up into the mountain of the Lord, and into the house of the God of Jacob ; and He will tell us His way, and we wvU walk in it. For from Sion shall proceed the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem ; and He shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke much people ; and they shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks, and they shall no more learn to fight."-* Also in the twenty-third Psalm : "Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord, or who shall stand in His holy place ? He that is in- nocent in his hands, and of a clean heart ; who hath not received his life in vanity,- and hath not sworn craftily to his neighbour. He shall receive the blessing from the Lord, and mercy 5 from the God that saveth him. This is the generation of

• The Oxford edition reads, " conquered, that is, in that part of the head."

- [Hippolytus, p. 209, S2ipra.^ 3 Dan. ii. 31-35.

* I«a. ii. 2-4.

i " Misericordiam."

those who seek Him, that seek the face of the God of Jacob." ^

19. That Christ is the Bridegroom, having the Church as His bride, from which spirit- ual children were to be born.

In Joel : " Blow with the trumpet in Sion ; sanctify a fast, and call a healing ; assemble the people, sanctify the Church, gather the elders, collect the little ones that suck the breast ; let the Bridegroom go forth of His chamber, and the bride out of her closet." 7 Also in Jeremiah : " And I will take away from the cities of Judah, and from the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of the joyous, and the voice of the glad ; the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride." ^ Also in the eighteenth Psalm : " And he is as a bridegroom going forth from his chamber ; he exulted as a giant to run his course. From the height of heaven is his going forth, and his cir- cuit even to the end of it ; and there is nothing which is hid from his heat." ^ Also in the Apoca- lypse : " Come, I will show thee the new bride, the Lamb's wife. And he took me in the Spirit to a great mountain, and he showed me the holy city Jerusalem descending out of heaven from God, having the glory of God." '° Also in the Gospel according to John : " Ye are my wit- nesses, that I said to them who were sent from Jerusalem to me, that I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before Him. For he who has the bride is the bridegroom ; but the friend of the bridegroom is he who standeth and heareth him with joy, and rejoiceth because of the voice of the bridegroom." " The mystery of this matter was shown in Jesus the son of Nave, when he was bidden to put his shoes from off him, doubt- less because he himself was not the bridegroom. For it was in the law, that whoever should refuse marriage should put off his shoe, but that he should be shod who was to be the bridegroom : " And it happened, when Jesus was in Jericho, he looked around with his eyes, and saw a man standing before his face, and holding a javelin '^ in his hand, and said, Art thou for us or for our enemies ? And he said, I am the leader of the host of the Lord ; now draw near. And Jesus fell on his face to the earth, and said to him, Lord, what dost Thoif command unto Thy ser- vant. And the leader of the Lord's host said, Loose thy shoe from thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground." '^ Also, in Exodus, Moses is bidden to put off his shoe,

6 Ps. xxiv. 3-6.

7 Joel ii. 15, 16. * Jer. xvi. g.

9 Ps. xix. 5, 6. 1° Rev. xxi. 9-11. " John iii. 28, 29. '- Frameam. 'J Josh. V. 13-15.

524

because he, too, was not the bridegroom : " And there appeared unto him the angel of the Lord in a flame of fire out of a bush ; and he saw that the bush burned with fire, but the bush was not consumed. And Moses said, I will pass over and see this great sight, why the bush is not con- sumed. But when He saw that he drew near to see, the Lord (iod called him from the bush, saying, Moses. Moses. And he said. What is it? And He said. Draw not nigh hither, unless thou hast loosed thy shoe from off thy feet ; for the place on which thou standest is holy ground. And He said unto him, I am the (".od of thy father, the Clod of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." ' This was also made plain in the Gospel according to John : " And John answered them, I indeed bai)tize with water, Init there standeth One in the midst of you whom ye know not : He it is of whom I said, The man that cometh after me is made before me, the latchet of whose shoe I am not worthy to unloose."^ Also according to Luke : " Let your loins be girt, and your lamps burning, and ye like to men that wait for their master when he shall come from the wedding, that when he cometh and knocketh, they may open unto him. Blessed are those ser\ants whom their Lord, when He cometh, shall find watching." ^ Also in the Apocalypse : " The Lord God om- nipotent reigneth : let us be glad and rejoice, and let us give to Him the honour of glory ; for the marriage of the Lamb is come, and His wife hath made herself ready." •*

20. That the Jews would fasten Christ to the cross.

In Isaiah : " I have spread out my hands all day to a people disobedient and contradicting me, who walk in ways that are not good, but after their own sins." 5 Also in Jeremiali : " Come, let us cast the tree into His bread, and let us blot out His life from the earth." '^ Also in Deuteronomy: "And Thy life shall be hanging (in doubt) before Thine eyes; and Thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt not trust to Thy life." 7 Also in the twenty-first Psalm : " They tore my hands and my feet ; '* they nimibered all my bones. And they gazed upon me, and saw me, and divided my garments among them, and upon my vesture they cast a lot. But Thou, O Lord, remove not Thy help far from me ; at- tend unto my help. Deliver my soul from the

' Ex. iii. 2-6.

* John i. a6, 27.

J Luke xii. 35-37.

* Rev. xix. 6, 7.

5 Isa. Ixv. 2. [So Justin, vol, i. pp. t79 and 206. Tiut compare Isa. XXV. u, a remarkable simile.]

6 Jer. xi. 19.

' Deut. xxviii. 66

8 [This is one of the passages corrupted by the Jews since the crucifixion. See Pe.^rson, On the Creed, p. 534. All his notes on " crucified " are most precious.]

sword, and my only one from the paw '> of the. dog. Save me from the mouth of the lion, and my lowliness from the horns of the unicorns. I will declare Thy name unto my brethren ; in the midst of the Church I will praise Thee." '° Also in the cxviiith Psalm : " Pierce my flesh with nails through fear of Thee." " Also in the c.xlth Psalm : " The lifting up of my hands is an even- ing sacrifice." '^ Of which sacrifice Sophonias said : " Fear from the presence of the Lord (iod, since His day is near, because the Lord hath prepared His sacrifice, He hath sanctified His elect."'-' Also in Zechariah : "And they shall look upon me, whom they have pierced." '■♦ Also in the eighty-seventh Psalm : " I have called unto Thee, O Lord, the whole day ; I have stretched out my hands unto Thee." '5 Also in Numbers : " Not as a man is God suspended, nor as the son of man does He suffer threats." '^ Whence in the Gospel the Lord says : " As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up, that whosoever be- lieveth in the Son may have life eternal." '^

21. That in the passion and the sign of the cross is all virtue and power.

In Habakkuk : " His virtue covered the heav- ens, and the earth is full of His praise, and His splendour shall be as the light ; there shall be horns in His hands. And there the virtue of His glory was established, and He founded His strong love. Before His face shall go the Word, and shall go forth unto the plains according to His steps." '* In Isaiah also : " Behold, unto us a child is born, and to us a Son is given, upon whose shoulders shall be government; and His name shall be called the Messenger of a mighty thought." '9 By this sign of the cross also Ama- lek was conquered by Jesus through Moses. In Exodus Moses said to Jesus : " Choose thee out men, and go forth, and order yourselves with Amalek until the morrow. Behold. I will stand on the top of the hill, and the rod of God in mine hancl. And it came to pass, when Moses lifted up his hands, Israel prevailed ; but when Moses had let down his hands, Amalek waxed strong. But the hands of Moses were heavy ; and they took a stone, and placed it under him. and he sate upon it ; and Aaron and Hur held up his hands, on the one side and on the othei side ; and the hands of Moses were made stead '■ even to the setting of the sun. And Jesus routed

9 " Manu."

'° Ps. xxii. i6-22.

" Ps. cxix. I20.

■^ Ps. cxli. 2.

•3 Zeph. i. 7.

'* Zech. xii. lo.

'5 Ps. Ixxxviii. 9.

'6 Num. xxiii. 19.

'7 John iii. 14, 15.

" Hab. iii. 3-5. '9 Isa. ix. 6.

525

Amalek and all his people. And the Lord said unto Moses, Write this, that it may be a memo- rial in a book, and tell it unto the ears of Jesus, that I may utterly destroy the memory of Ama- lek from under heaven." '

22. That in this sign of the Cross is salvation

for all people who are marked on their foreheads.^

In Ezekiel the Lord says : " Pass through the midst of Jerusalem, and thou shalt mark the sign upon the men's foreheads, who groan and grieve for the iniquities which are done in the midst of them." ^ Also in the same place : " Go and smite, and do not spare your eyes. Have no pity on the old man, and the youth, and the virgin, and slay little children and women, that they may be utterly destroyed. But ye shall not touch any one upon whom the sign is written, and begin with my holy places themselves." -f Also in Exodus God says to Moses : " And there shall be blood for a sign to you upon the houses wherein ye shall be ; and I will look on the blood, and will protect you. And there shall not be in you the plague of wasting when I shall smite the land of Egypt." s Also in the Apoc- alypse : " And I saw ^ a Lamb standing on Mount Sion, and with Him a hundred and forty and four thousand ; and they had His name and the name of His Father written on their fore- heads." 7 Also in the same place : " I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end. Blessed are they that do His commandments, that they may have power over the tree of life." ^

23. That at mid-day in His passion there

should be darkness.

In Amos : " And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord, the sun shall set at noonday, and the day of light shall be darkened ; and I will turn your feast-days into grief, and all your songs into lamentation." ^ Also in Jeremiah: " She is frightened that hath borne children, and her soul hath grown weary. Her sun hath gone down while as yet it was mid-day ; she hath been confounded and accursed : I will give the rest of them to the sword in the sight of their ene- mies." '° Also in the Gospel : " Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the earth even to the ninth hour." "

' Ex. xvii. 9-14.

^ [i.e., baptized; but probably after immersion this symbolic cere- mony was already in use.]

3 Ezek. ix. 4.

* Ezek. ix. 4-6.

5 Ex. xii. 13.

*> *' And behold," Oxford text.

7 Rev. xiv. I.

^ Rev. xxii. 13, 14.

9 Amos viii. 9, 10 [l.ardner, Crciiifi., vol. vii. pp. 107-124.]

■° Jer. XV. 9. [I admire Lardner's caution: possibly he carries it too far ]

'' Matt, xxvii. 45. [See vol. iii. p. 5S.]

24. That He was not to be overcome of death,

nor should remain in Hades.

In the twenty-ninth Psalm : " O Lord, Thou hast brought back my soul from hell." '^ Also in the fifteenth Psalm : " Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt Thou suffer Thine Holy One to see corruption." '^ Also in the third Psalm : "I laid me down and slept, and rose up again, because the Lord helped me." '* Also according to John : " No man taketh away my life from me ; but I lay it down of myself. I have the power of laying it down, and I have the power of taking it again. For this command- ment I have received from my Father." 's

25. That He should rise again from the dead

on the third day.

In Hosea : " After two days He will revive us ; we shall rise again on the third day." "^ Also in Exodus : " And the Lord said unto Moses, Go down and testify to the people, and sanctify them to-day and to-morrow ; and let them wash their garments, and let them be prepared against the day after to-morrow. For on the third day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai." '? Also in the Gospel : " A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign ; and there shall no sign be given unto it but the sign of the prophet Jonas : for as Jonas was in the whale's belly three days and three nights, so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth," "^

26. That after He had risen again He should

receive from His Father all power, and His power should be everlasting.

In Daniel : " I saw in a vision by night, and behold as it were the Son of man, coming in the clouds of heaven, came even to the Ancient of days, and stood in His sight. And they who stood beside Him brought Him before Him : and to Him was given a royal power, and all the kings of the earth by their generation, and all glory obeying Him : and His power is eternal, which shall not be taken away, and His kingdom shall not be destroyed." '9 Also in Isaiah : " Now will I arise, saith the Lord ; now will I be glori- fied, now will I be exalted, now ye shall see, now ye shall understand, now ye shall be confounded. Vain will be the strength of your spirit : the fire shall consume you." ^° Also in the cixth Psalm : " The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit Thou on my

■2 Ps. XXX. 3.

'3 Ps. xvi. 10.

u Ps. iii. 5.

'5 John X. 18.

'^ Hos. vi. 2.

" Ex. xix. 10, II.

'8 Matt. xii. 39, 40.

"^ Dan. vii. 13, 14.

-° Isa. xxxiii. 10, 11.

526

right hand, until I make Thine enemies the foot- stool of Thy feet. God will send the rod of Thy power out of Sion, and 'I'hou shalt rule in the midst of Thine enemies." ' Also in the Apoca- lypse : " And I turned and looked to see the voice which spake with me. And I saw seven golden candlesticks, and in the midst of the candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with a long garment,- and He was girt about the paps with a golden girdle. And His head and His hairs were white as wool or snow, and His eyes as a flame of fire, and His feet like to fine brass from a furnace of fire, and His voice like the sound of many waters. And He had in His right hand seven stars ; and out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword ; and His face shone as the sun in his might. And when I saw Him, I fell at His feet as dead. And He laid His right hand upon me, and said, Fear not ; I am the first and the last, and He that liveth and was dead ; and, lo, I am living for evermore,^ and I have the keys of death and of hell."'* Likewise in the Gospel, the Lord after His resurrection says to His disciples : " All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go therefore and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you." 5

27. That it is impossible to attain to God the Father, except by His Son Jesus Christ.

In the Gospel : " I am the way, and the truth, and the life : no one cometh to the Father but by me." ^ Also in the same place : " I am the door : by me if any man shall enter in, he shall be saved." ^ Also in the same place : " Many prophets and righteous men have desired to see the things which ye see, and have not seen them ; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them."^ Also in the same place: " He that believeth on the Son hath eternal life : he that is not obedient in word to the Son hath not life ; but the wrath of God shall abide upon him." '^ Also Paul to the Ephesians : "And when He had come. He preached peace to you, to those which are afar off, and peace to those which are near, because through Him we both have access in one Spirit unto the Father." '° Also to the Romans : " For all have sinned, and fail of the glory of God ; but they are justified by His gift and grace, through the redemption

' Ps. ex. I, 2.

2 " Podere."

3 One codex reads here, " living in the assembly of the saints."

* Rev. i. i2-t8.

5 Matt, xxviii. 18-20. ^ John xiv. 6. ^ John X. q.

* Matt. xiii. 17. 9 John ill. 36.

'° Eph. ii. 17, 18.

which is in Christ Jesus." " Also in the Epistle of Peter the apostle : " Christ hath died once for our sins, the just for the unjust, that He might present us to God." '^ Also in the same place : " For in this also was it preached to them that are dead, that they might be raised again." 'J Also in the Epistle of John : " Whosoever de- nieth the Son, the same also hath not the Father. He that confesseth the Son, hath both the Son and the Father." '+

28. That Jesus Christ shall come as a Judge.

In Malachi : " Behold, the day of the Lord cometh, burning as an oven ; and all the aliens and all the wicked shall be as stubble ; and the day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the Lord." '5 Also in the forty-ninth (or fiftieth) Psalm : " God the Lord of gods hath spoken, and called the earth. From the rising of the sun even to the going down thereof, out of Sion is the beauty of His glory. God shall come manifestly, our God, and shall not keep silence. A fire shall burn before Him, and round about Him shall be a great storm. He hath called the heaven above, and the earth, that He may separate His people. Gather together His saints unto Him, those who arrange His covenant with sacrifices. And the heavens shall announce His righteousness, for God is the judge." '^ Also in Isaiah : " The Lord God of strength shall go forth, and shall break war in pieces : He shall stir up contest, and shall cry over His enemies with strength. I have been silent ; shall I al- ways be silent?" '7 Also in the sixty-seventh Psalm : " Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered : and let those who hate Him flee from His face. As smoke vanisheth, let them vanish : as wax melteth from the face of fire, thus let the sinners perish from the face of God. And let the righteous be glad and rejoice in the sight of God : and let them be glad with joyful- ness. Sing unto God, sing praises unto His name : make a way to Him who goeth up into the west. God is His name. They shall he put to confusion from the face of Him who is the Father of the orjihans, and the Judge of the widows. God is in His holy place : God, who maketh men to dwell with one mind in an house, bringing forth them that are bound with might, and equally those who provoke unto anger, who dwell in the sepulchres : God, when Thou went- est forth in the sight of Thy people, in pass- ing into the desert." '^ Also in the eighty-first

" Rom. iii. 23, 24. 12 I Pet. iii. 18. » I Pet. iy. 6. '* I John ii. 23. '5 Mai. iv. I. •6 Ps. 1. 1-6. ■7 Isa. xlii. 13, 14. " Ps. Ixviii. 1-7.

527

Psalm: "Arise, O God; judge the earth: for Thou wilt exterminate among all nations." ' Also . in the Gospel according to Matthew : *' What have we to do with Thee, Thou Son of David ? why art Thou come hither to punish us before the time ?" ^ Likewise according to John : *'The Father judgeth nothing, but hath given all judgment to the Son, that all may honour the Son as they honour the Father. He that honoureth not the Son, honoureth not the Father who hath sent Him." ^ So too in the second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : "We must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ, that every one may bear the things proper to his body, according to those things which he hath done, whether they be good or evil." •♦

29. That He will reign as a King for ever.

In Zechariah : " Tell ye the daughter of Zion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee : just, and having salvation ; meek, sitting upon an ass that hath not been tamed." 5 Also in Isaiah : "Who will declare to you that eternal place ? He that walketh in righteousness, and holdeth back his hands from gifts ; stopping his ears, that he may not hear the judgment of blood ; and closing his eyes, that he may not see unrighteousness : this man shall dwell in the lofty cavern of the strong rock ; bread shall be given him, and his water shall be sure. Ye shall see the Kmg with glory." '^ Likewise in Malachi : "I am a great King, saith the Lord, and my name is illustrious among the nations." ^ Also in the second Psalm : " But I am established as a King by Him upon His holy hill of Zion, announcing His empire." ^ Also in the twenty-first Psalm: *' All the ends of the world shall be reminded, and shall turn to the Lord : and all the countries of the nations shall worship in Thy sight. For the kingdom is the Lord's : and He shall rule over all nations.'"' Also in the twenty-third Psalm : " Lift up your gates, ye princes ; and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doors ; and the King of glory shall come in. Who is this King of glory? The Lord strong and mighty, the Lord strong in battle. Lift up your gates, O ye princes ; and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doors ; and the King of glory shall come in. Who is this King of glory ? The Lord of hosts. He is the King of glory." '° Also in the forty- fourth Psalm : " My heart hath breathed forth a good discourse : " I tell my works to the king :

' Ps. Ixxxii. S.

2 Matt. viii. 29.

3 John V. 22, 2-5.

* 2 Cor. V. 10. ^ Zech. ix. (3.

* Isa. xxxiii. 14-17.

7 Mai. i. 14.

8 Ps. ii. 6.

9 Ps. xxii. 27, 28. '° Ps. xxiv. 7-10.

'' [i e., rather '" a good WorJ." See p. 516, su/ra.]

my tongue is the pen of a writer intelligently writing. Thou art lovely in beauty above the children of men : grace is shed forth on Thy lips, because God hath blessed Thee for ever. Be girt with Thy sword on Thy thigh, O most mighty. To Thy honour and to Thy beauty both attend, and direct Thyself, and reign, be- cause of truth, and meekness, and righteous- ness." '- Also in the fifth Psalm : " My King, and my God, because unto Thee will I pray. O Lord, in the morning Thou shalt hear my voice ; in the morning I will stand before Thee, and will contemplate Thee." '^ Also in the ninety- sixth Psalm : " The Lord hath reigned ; let the earth rejoice ; let the many isles be glad." '* Moreover, in the forty-fourth Psalm : " The queen stood at thy right hand in a golden gar- ment ; she is clothed in many colours. Hear,

0 daughter, and see, and incline thine ear, and forget thy people and thy father's house ; for the King hath desired thy beauty, for He is thy Lord God." '5 Also in the seventy-third Psalm : *' But God is our King before the world ; He hath wrought salvation in the midst of the earth." ''' Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " And when Jesus was born in Beth- lehem of Judah in the days of Herod the king, behold, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem, saying, Where is He who is born King of the Jews ? for we have seen His star in the east, and have come to worship Him." '7 Also, according to John, Jesus said : " My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would be in trouble, that I should not be delivered to the Jews ; but now is my kingdom not from hence. Pilate said. Art thou a king, then ? Jesus answered. Thou sayest that

1 am a king. For this cause I was born, and for this cause I am come into the world, that I might bear testimony to the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice." '^

30. That He Himself is both Judge and King.

In the seventy-first Psalm : "O God, giveTh}' judgment to the king, and Thy righteousness to the king's son, to judge Thy people in righteous- ness." '9 Also in the Apocalypse : " And I saw the heaven opened, and behold a white horse ; and He who sate upon him was called Faithful and True ; and He judgeth justice and right- eousness, and maketh war. And His eyes were. as it were, a flame of fire, and upon His head were many crowns ; and He bare a name writ- ten that was known to none other than Himself:

1= Ps. xlv. 1-4.

" Ps V. 2, 3.

^* Ps. xcvii. I.

'5 Ps. .xlv. 9-1 1.

■6 Ps. Ixxiv. 12.

'^ iMatt. ii. I, 2.

'^ John i. 36, 37.

19 Ps. Ix.-.ii. I, 2.

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md He was clothed with a garment sprinkled vith blood, and His name is called the Word of God. And the armies which are in heaven fol- lowed Him on white horses, clothed in linen, fvhite and clean. And out of His mouth went forth a sword with two edges, that with it He should smite the nations, which He shall shep- herd ' with a rod of iron ; and He shall tread the winepress of the wrath of God Almighty. Also He has on His garment and on His thigh the name written. King of kings, and Lord of lords." ^ Likewise in the Gospel : " When the Son of man shall come in His glory, and all the angels with Him, then He shall sit in the throne of His glory ; and all nations shall be gathered together before Him, and He shall separate them one from another, even as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats ; and He shall place the sheep at His right hand, but the goats at His left hand. Then shall the King say unto them who shall be at His right hand. Come, ye blessed of my Father, receive the kingdom which is prepared for you from the beginning of the world : for I was hungry, and ye gave me to eat : I was thirsty, and ye gave me to drink : I was a stranger, and ye received me : naked, and ye clothed me : sick, and ye visited me : I was in prison, and ye came unto me. Then shall the righteous answer, and say unto Him, Lord, when saw we Thee hungry, and fed Thee? thirsty, and gave Thee to drink? And when saw we Thee a stranger, and received Thee? naked, and clothed Thee? And when saw we Thee sick, and in prison, and came unto Thee ? And the King, answering, shall say unto them. Verily I say unto you. In as far as ye have done it to the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. Then shall He say unto them who shall be on His left hand. Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, which my Father hath prepared 3 for the devil and his angels : for I have been hungry, and ye gave me not to eat : I have been thirsty, and ye gave me not to drink : I was a stranger, and ye received me not : naked, and ye clothed me not : sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not. Then shall they also answer and say, Lord, when saw we Thee hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and have not ministered unto Thee? And He shall answer unto them. Verily I say unto you. Inasmuch as ye have not done it to one of the least of these, ye have not done it unto me. And these shall go away into everlasting burning, but the righteous into life eternal." *

' The words " which He shall fted," or " shepherd," are wanting in the Apocalypse; and they are not found in many authorities.

^ Rev. xix. 11-16. •

3 [Said to be in the old Itala, as in some Greek mss. So Irenseus, vol. i. p. 524.]

"* Matt. XXV. 31-46.

THIRD BOOK

Cyprian to his son Quirinus,? greeting. Of your faith and devotion which you manifest to the Lord God, beloved son, you asked me to gather out for your instruction from the Holy Scriptures some heads bearing upon the religious teaching of our school ; 5 seeking for a succinct course of sacred reading, so that your mind, surrendered to God, might not be wearied with long or numerous volumes of books, but, in- stmcted with a summary of heavenly precepts, might have a wholesome and large compendium for nourishing its memory. And because I owe you a plentiful and loving obedience, I have done what you wished. I have laboured for once, that you might not always labour.^ There- fore, as much as my small ability could embrace. I have collected certain precepts of the Lord, and divine teachings, which may be easy a...-' useful to the readers, in that a few things digested into a short space are both quickly read through, and are frequently repeated. I bid you, beloved son, ever heartily farewell.

HEADS.7

1. On the benefit of good works and mercy.

2. In works and alms, even if by smallness of power less be done, that the will itself is enough.

3. That charity and brotherly love must be religiously and stedfastly practised.

4. That we must boast in nothing, since noth- ing is our own.

5 . That humility and quietness is to be main- tained in all things.

6. That all good and righteous men suffer more, but ought to endure because they are proved.

7. That we must not grieve the Holy Spirit whom we have received.

8. That anger must be overcome, lest it con- strain us to sin.

9. That brethren ought to sustain one another.

10. That we must trust in God only, and in Him we must glory.

11. That he who has attained to faith, having put off the former man, ought to regard only celestial and spiritual things, and to give no heed to the world which he has already renounced.

12. That we must not swear.

13. That we are not to curse.

14. That we must never murmur, but bless God concerning all things that happen.

15. That men are tried by God for this pur- pose, that they may be proved.

5 [Whom he had probably baptized. Elucidation XL] *> [May the American editor of these volumes venture to trust that he has in some degree lightened the labours of those who come after him: " laboravi semel ne tu semper laborares."]

7 [Six-score precepts to be compared with the heathen maxims and morals with which they so generally conflict. See Elucidation XII.)

529

16. Of the benefit of martyrdom.

1 7. That what we suffer in this world is of less account than is the reward which is promised.

18. That nothing must be preferred to the love of God and of Christ.

19. That we must not obey our own will, but that of God.

20. That the foundation and strength of hope and faith is fear.

21. That we must not rashly judge of an- other.

22. That when we have received a wrong, we must remit and forgive it.

23. That evil is not to be returned for evil.

24. That it is impossible to attain to the Father but by Christ.

25. That unless a man have been baptized and born again, he cannot attain to the kingdom of God.

26. That it is of small account to be baptized and to receive the Eucharist, unless one profits by it both in deeds and works.

2 7. That even a baptized person loses the grace which he has attained, unless he keep innocency.

28. That remission cannot in the Church be granted unto him who has sinned against God.

29. That it was before predicted concerning the hatred of the Name.

30. That what any one has vowed to God, he must quickly pay.

31. That he who does not believe is judged already.

32. Of the benefit of virginity and of conti- nency.

;^^. That the Father judgeth nothing, but the Son ; and the Father is not honoured by him by whom the Son is not honoured.

34. That the believer ought not to live like the Gentiles.

35. That God is patient for this end, that we may repent of our sin and be reformed.

36. That a woman ought not to be adorned in a worldly manner.

37. That the believer ought not to be pun- ished for other offences but for the name he bears only.

38. That the servant of God ought to be in- nocent, lest he fall into secular punishment.

39. That the example of living is given to us in Christ.

40. That we must not labour boastfully or -loisily.

41. That we must not speak foolishly and of- fensively.

42. That faith is of advantage altogether, and ^hat we can do as much as we believe.

43. That he who truly believes can immedi- ately obtain.

44. That the believers who differ among them- selves ought not to refer to a Cientile judge.

45. That hope is of future things, and there- fore that faith concerning those things which are promised ought to be patient.

46. That a woman ought to be silent in the church.

47. That it arises from our fault and our de- sert that we suffer, and do not perceive God's help in everything.

48. That we must not take usury.

49. That even our enemies are to l)e loved.

50. That the sacrament of the faith must not be profaned.

5 1 . That no one should l)e uplifted in his doing.

52. That the liberty of believing or of not believing is placed in free choice.

53. That the secrets of (iod cannot be seen through, and therefore that our faith ought to be simple,

54. That none is without filth and without sin..

55. That we must not please men, but God.

56. That nothing that is done is hidden from God.

57. That the believer is amended and re- j served.

I 58. That no one should be made sad by ; death, since in living is laboiu" and peril, in dying peace and the certainty of resurrection.

59. Of the idols which the Gentiles think gods.

60. That too great lust of food is not to be desired.

61. That the lust of possessing, and money,, are not to be desired.

62. That marriage is not to be contracted with Gentiles.

63. That the sin of fornication is grievous.

64. What are those carnal things which beget, death, and what are the spiritual things which lead to life.

65. That all sins are put away in baptism.

66. That the discipline of God is to be ob- served in Church precepts.

67. That it was foretold that men would de- spise sound discipline.

68. That we must depart from him who lives irregularly and contrary to discipline.

69. That the kingdom of God is not in the wisdom of the world, nor in eloquence, but in the faith of the cross and in virtue of conversa- tion.

70. That we must obey parents.

71. And that fathers ought not to be bitter against their children.

72. That ser\ants, when they believe, ought the more to be obedient to their fleshly masters.

73. Likewise that masters ought to be more gentle.

74. That every widow that is approved ought to be honoured.

530

75. That every person ought to have care rather of his own people, and especially of believers.

76. That one who is older must not rashly be accused.

77. That the sinner is to be publicly reproved.

78. That we must not speak, with heretics.

79. That innocency asks with confidence, and obtains.

80. That the devil has no power against man unless God have allowed it.

8 1 . That wages be quickly jjaitl to the hireling.

82. That divination must not be used.

83. That a tuft of hair ' is i:ot to be worn on the head.

84. That the beard must not be plucked.

85. That we must rise when a bishop or a presbyter comes.

86. That a schism must not be made, even although he who withdraws should remain in one faith and in the same tradition.

87. That believers ought to be simple with prudence.

88. That a brother must not be deceived.

89. That the end of the world comes sud- denly.

90. That a wife must not depart from her husband ; or if she departs, she must remain immarried.

9 1 . That every one is tempted so much as he is able to bear.

92. That not everything is to be done which is lawful.

93. That it was foretold that heresies would arise.

94. That the Eucharist is to be received with fear and honour.

95. That we are to live with the good, but to avoid the evil.

96. That we must labour with deeds, not with words.

97. That we must hasten to faith and to attainment.^

98. That the catechumen ought to sin no more.

99. That judgment will be in accordance with the terms, before the law, of equity ; after Moses, of the law.

100. That the grace of God ought to be gra- tuitous.

loi. That the Holy Spirit has often appeared in fire.

102. That all good men ought willingly to hear rebuke.

103. That we must abstain from much speak-

ing.

' " Cirrum in capite non habendum." " Cirnis " means " a luft •f hair," or a curl or lovelock. [Hut compare Clement, vol. ii. p. a86 (and note 9, on the chri.sm), for the more probable meaning.]

2 Scii. " of baptism," Oxford transl.

104. That we must not lie.

105. That they are frequently to be corrected who do wrong in domestic service.

106. That when a wrong is received, patience is to be maintained, and that vengeance is to be left to God.

107. That we must not use detraction.

108. That we must not lay snares against our neighbour.

109. That the sick are to be visited, no. That tale-bearers are accursed.

111. That the sacrifices of evil men are not acceptable.

112. That those are more severely judged who in this world have more power.

113. That widows and orphans ought to be protected.

114. That while one is in the flesh, he ought to make confession.

115. That flattery is pernicious.

116. That God is more loved by him who has had many sins forgiven in baptism.

117. That there is a strong conflict to be waged against the devil, and that therefore we ought to stand bravely, that we may be able to conquer.

118. Of Antichrist, that he will come as a man.

119. That the yoke of the law was heavy, which is cast off by us ; and that the Lord's yoke is light, which is taken up by us.

120. That we are to be urgent in prayers.

I . Of the benefit of good works and mercy.

In Isaiah : " Cry aloud," saith He, " and spare not ; lift up thy voice like a trumpet ; tell my people their sins, and the house of Jacob their wickednesses. They seek me from day to day, and desire to know my ways, as a people which did righteousness, and did not forsake the judgment of God. They ask of me now a righteous judgment, and desire to approach to God, saying. What ! because we have fasted, and Thou hast not seen : we have humiliated our souls, and Thou hast not known. For in the days of fasting are found your own wills ; for either ye torment those w^ho are subjected to you, or ye fast for strifes and judgments, or ye strike your neighbours with fists. For what do you fast unto me, that to-day your voice should be heard in clamour? This fast I have not chosen, save that a man should humble his soul. And if thou shalt bend thy neck like a ring, and spread under thee sackcloth and ashes, neither thus shall it be called an acceptable fast. Not such a fast have I chosen, saith the Lord ; but loose every knot of unrighteousness, let go the

•chokings of impotent engagements.' Send away the harassed into rest, and scatter every un- righteous contract. Break thy bread to the hungry, and bring the houseless poor into thy dwelh'ng. If thou seest the naked, clothe him ; and despise not them of thy own seed in thy house. Then shall thy seasonable light break forth, and thy garments shall quickly arise ; and righteousness shall go before thee : and the glory of God shall surround thee. Then thou shalt cry out, and God shall hear thee ; while thou art yet speaking, He shall say, Here I am."^ Concerning this same thing in Job : " I have preserved the needy from the hand of the mighty ; and I have helped the orphan, to •whom there was no helper. The mouth of the •widow blessed me, since I was the eye of the blind ; I was also the foot of the lame, and the father of the weak." ^ Of this same matter sn Tobit : " And I said to Tobias, My son, go and bring whatever poor man thou shalt find out of our brethren, who still has God in mind with his whole heart. Bring him hither, and he shall eat my dinner together with me. Behold, I attend thee, my son, until thou come." + Also in the same place : " All the days of thy life, my son, keep God in mind, and transgress not His precepts. Do justice all the days of thy life, and do not walk in the way of unrighteous- ness ; because if thou act truly, there v/ill be respect of thy works. Give alms of thy sub- stance, and turn not thy face from any poor man. So shall it come to pass that the face of God shall not be turned away from thee. Even as thou hast, my son, so do : if thou hast abun- dant substance, give the more alms therefrom ; if thou haijt little, communicate even of that little. And do not fear when thou givest alms : thou layest up for thyself a good reward against the day of need ; because alms delivereth from death, and does not suffer to go into darkness. Alms is a good office for all who do it in the sight of the most high God." 5 On this same subject in Solomon in Proverbs : " He that hath pity on the poor lendeth unto the Lord." ^ Also in the same place : " He that giveth to the poor shall never want ; but he who turns away his eye shall be in much penury." ^ Also in the same place : " Sins are purged away by alms- giving and faith." ^ Again, in the same place : " If thine enemy hunger, feed him ; and if he thirst, give him to drink : for by doing this thou shalt scatter live coals upon his head." '^ Again,

' " Impotentiura commerciorum."

^ Isa. Iviii. 1-9.

3 Job xxix. 12, 13, 15, 16.

•* Tob. ii. 2.

5 Tob. iv. 5-1 1.

* Prov. xix. 17.

7 Prov. xxviii. 27.

8 Prov. xvi. 6.

9 Prov. x,\v. 21.

in the same place : " As water extinguishes fire, so alms-giving extinguishes sin." '° In the same in Proverbs : " Say not. Go away, and return, to-morrow I will give ; when you can do good immediately. For thou knowest not what may happen on the coming day." " Also in the same place : " He who stoppeth his ears that he may not hear the weak, shall himself call upon God, and there shall be none to hear him." '^ Also in the same place : " He who has his conversation without reproach in righteousness, leaves blessed children." '^ In the same in Ecclesiasticus : " My son, if thou hast, do good by thyself, and present worthy offerings to God ; remember that death delayeth not." '■* Also in the same place : " Shut up alms in the heart of the poor, and this will entreat for thee from all evil." '5 Concern- ing this thing in the thirty-sixth Psalm, that mercy is beneficial also to one's posterity : " I have been young, and I have also grown old ; and I have not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging their bread. The whole day he is merciful, and lendeth ; and his seed is in bless- ing." '^ Of this same thing in the fortieth Psalm : " Blessed is he who considereth over the poor and needy : in the evil day God will deliver him." '7 Also in the cxith Psalm : " He hath distributed, he hath given to the poor ; his righteousness shall remain from generation to generation." '^ Of this same thing in Hosea : " I desire mercy rather than sacrifice, and the knowledge of God more than whole burnt-offer- ings." ''^ Of this same thing also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Blessed are they who hunger and thirst after righteousness : for they shall be satisfied." ^° Also in the same place : " Blessed are the merciful : for they shall obtain mercy." -' Also in the same place : " Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not dig through and steal : for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." ^^ Also in the same place : " The kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant-man seeking goodly pearls : and when he hath found a precious pearl, he went away and sold all that he had, and bought it."^^ That even a small work is of advantage, also in the same place : " And whoever shall give to drink to one of the least of these a cup of cold water in the name

■° Ecclus. iii. 30. " Prov. iii. 28. '- Prov. xxi. 13. '3 Prov. XX. 7. ** Ecclus. xiv. II. ■S Ecclus. xxix. 12. "> Ps. xxxvii. 25, 26. 17 Ps. xli. I. ■^ Ps. cxii. 9. "9 Hos. vi. 6.

20 Matt. V. 6.

21 Matt. V. 7.

22 Matt. vi. 2c. ST. =3 Mutt. xiii. 45, /_■

532

of a disciple, verily I say unto you, His reward shall not perish." ' That alms are to be denied to none, also in the same place : " Give to every one that askelh thee ; antl from him who would wish to borrow, be not turned away." ^ Also in the same place : " If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith, \Vhich ? Jesus saith unto him. Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not bear false witness. Honour thy father and mother : and. Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. The young man saith unto Him, .All these things have I obser\'ed : what lack I yet ? Jesus saith unto him. If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven ; and come, follow me."-* Also in the same j)lace : "When the Son of man shall come in His majesty, and all the angels with Him, then He shall sit on the throne of His glory : and all nations shall be gathered together before Him ; and He shall separate them one from another, even as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats : and He shall place the sheep on the right hand, but the goats on the left hand. Then shall the King say unto them that are on His right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, receive the kingdom prepared for you from the beginning of the world. For I was hungry, and ye gave me to eat : I was thirsty, and ye gave me to drink : I was a stranger, and ye took me in : naked, and ye clothed me : I was sick, and ye visited me : I was in prison, and ye came unto me. Then shall the righteous answer Him, and say. Lord, when saw we Thee •♦ a stranger, and took Thee in : naked, and clothed Thee? And when saw we Thee sick, and in prison, and came to Thee ? And the King, answering, shall say unto them, Verily I say unto you. Inasmuch as ye did it to one of the least of these my brethren, ye did it unto me. Then shall He say unto them who are on His left hand. Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, which my Father hath prepared for the devil and his angels : for I was hungry, and ye gave me not to eat : I was thirsty, and ye gave me not to drink : I was a stranger, and ye took me not in : I was naked, and ye clothed me not : sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not. Then shall they also answer, and say. Lord, when saw we Thee hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister unto Thee? And He shall answer them, Verily I say unto you. Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not unto me. .And these shall

' Matt. X. 42.

- Malt. V. 42. 5 Malt. .\ix. 17-21.

* The Oxford edition inserts here, " an hungered, and fed Thee: thirsty, and gave Thc« drink? when saw we Tl.< e - "

go away into everlasting burning : but the right- eous into life eternal." 5 Concerning this same ' matter in the Oospel according to Luke : " Sell your possessions, and give alms." '^ Also in the same place : "He who made that which is within, made that which is without also. But give alms, and, behold, all things are pure unto you." 7 Also in the same place : " Behold, the half of my substance 1 give to the poor ; and if I have defrauded any one of anything, I restore him fourfold.- .Xnd Jesus said unto him, that •salvation has this day been wrought for this house, since he also is a son of Abraham." ^ Of this same thing also in the second Fpistle to the Corinthians : " Let your abundance supply their want, that their abundance also may be the supplement of your want, that there may be equality : as it is written, He who had much had not excess ; and he who had little had no lack."'^ Also in the same place: "He who soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly ; and he who soweth in blessing shall reap also of blessing. But let every one do as he has pro- posed in his heart : not as if sorrowfully, or of necessity : for God loveth a cheerful giver." '° Also in the same place : "As it is written. He hath dispersed abroad ; he hath given to the poor: his righteousness remaineth for ev-er." " Likewise in the same place : " Now he who ministereth seed to the sower, shall both supjjly bread to be eaten, and shall multiply your seed, and shall increase the growth of the fruits of your righteousness : that in all things ye may be made rich." '^ Also in the same place : " The administration of this service has not only sup- plied that which is lacking to the saints, but has abounded by much giving of thanks unto God." '^ Of this same matter in the Epistle of John : " Whoso hath this world's substance, and seeth his brother desiring, and shutteth up his bowels from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?"'-* Of this same thing in the Gospel according to Luke : " When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor brethren, nor neighbours, nor the rich ; lest haply they also invite thee again, and a recompense be made thee. But when thou makest a ban- quet, call the poor, the weak, the blind, and lame : antl thou shalt be blessed ; because they have not the means of rewarding thee : but thou shalt be recompensed in the resurrection of the

just." '5

5 Matt. XXV. 31-46.

* Luke xii. 33.

' Luke xi. 40, 41.

* Luke xix. 8, 9.

9 2 Cor. viii. 14, 15. '° 2 Cor. ix. 6, 7. " 2 Cor. ix. 9. '- 2 Cor. ix. 10, II. " 2 Cor. ix. 12. '■• I John iii. 17. '^ Luke xiv. 12-14.

THK TREATISES OF CYPRIAN

53,

2. In works and alms, even if by smallness of

power less be done, that the will itself is sufficient.

In the second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthi- ans : " If there be a ready will, it is acceptable according to what a man hath, not according to that which he hath not ; nor let there be to others a mitigation, but to you a burdening.'

3. That charity and brotherly affection are to

be religiously and stedfastly practised.

In Malachi : " Hath not one God created us ? Is there not one Father of us all ? Why have ye certainly deserted every one his brother? " ^ Of this same thing according to John : " Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you." ^ Also in the same place : "This is my command- ment, That ye love one another, even as I have loved you. Greater love than this has no man, than that one should lay down his life for his friends." •* Also in the same place : " Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the sons of God." 5 Also in the same place : "Ver- ily I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth concerning everything, whatever you shall ask it shall be given you from my Father which is in heaven. For wherever two or three are gath- ered together in my name, I am with them." ^ Of this same thing in the first Epistle to the Corinthians : " And I indeed, brethren, could not speak unto you as to spiritual, but as to car- nal, as to babes in Christ. I have given you milk for drink, not meat : for while ye were yet little ye were not able to bear it, neither now are ye able. For ye are still carnal : for where there are in you emulation, and strife, and dissensions, are ye not carnal, and walk after man? " ^ Like- wise in the same place : " And if I should have all faith, so that I can remove mountains, but have not charity, I am nothing. And if I should distribute all my goods for food, and if I should deliver up my body to be burned, but have not charity, I avail nothing. Charity is great-souled ; charity is kind ; charity envieth not ; charity dealefh not falsely ; is not puffed up ; is not irri- tated ; thinketh not evil ; rejoiceth not in injus- tice, but rejoiceth in the truth. It loveth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, beareth all things. Charity shall never fail."^ Of this same thing to the Galatians : " Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. But if ye bite and accuse one another, see that ye be not consumed one of another." 9 Of this same thing

' 2 Cor. viii. 12, 13.

2 Mai. ii. 10.

3 John xiv. 27.

■* John XV. 12, 13. 5 "Matt. V. g. *> Matt xviii. 19, 20. ^ I Cor. iii. 1-3.

8 I Cor xiii. 2-3.

9 Gal. V. 14, 15.

in the Epistle of John : " In this appear the children of God and the children of the devil. Whosoever is not righteous is not of God, and he who loveth not his brother. For he who hateth his brother is a murderer ; and ye know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him." '° Also in the same place : " If any one shall say that he loves God, and hates his brother, he is a liar : for he who loveth not his brother whom he seeth, how can he love God whom he seeth not?" " Of this same thing in the Acts of the Apostles : " But the multitude of them that had believed acted with one soul and mind : nor was there among them any distinction, neither did they esteem as their own anything of the possessions that they had ; but all things were common to them." '- Of this same thing in the Gospel according to Matthew : If thou wouldest offer thy gift at the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee ; leave thou thy gift before the altar, and go ; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift at the altar." '^ Also in the Epistle of John : " God is love ; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him." '* Also in the same place : " He who saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is a liar, and walketh in darkness even until now." '5

4. That we must boast in nothing, since noth- ing is our own.

In the Gospel according to John : " No one can receive anything, except it were given him from heaven." '^ Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " For what hast thou that thou hast not received? But if thou hast re- ceived it, why boastest thou, as if thou hadst not received it?" '^ Also in the first of Kings : " Boast not, neither speak lofty things, and let not great speeches proceed out of your mouth, for the Lord is a God of knowledge." '^ Also in the same place : " The bow of the mighty men has been made weak, and the weak are girt about with strength." '^ Of this same thing in the Maccabees : " It is just to be subjected to God, and that a mortal should not think things equal to God." '^ Also in the same place : " And fear not the words of a man that is a sinner, because his glory shall be filth and worms. To- day he shall be lifted up, and to-morrow he shall not be found ; because he is turned into his

earth, and his thought has perished." -"

—

'o I John iii. lo, 15.

" I John iv. 20.

'2 Acts. iv. 32. ■ , TT L — t

" Matt. V. 23, 24. [I think this harmonizes with Heb. xiu. lo.j

'* I John IV. 16. '5 I John ii. 9. '5 John iii. 27. '' I Cor. iv. 7. '3 I Sam. ii. 3, 4. '9 2 M.icc. ix. 13. -'^ I Mace. ii. 62, 63.

534

5. That humility and qi^ietness are to be maintained in all things.

In Isaiah : " Thus saith the Lord God, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is the stool of my feet. What seat will ye build for me, or what is the place for my rest? For all those things hath my hand made, and all those things are mine. And upon whom else will I look, except upon the lowly and quiet man, and him that trembleth at my words?"' On this same thing in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth." - Of this same thing, too, according to Luke : " He that shall be least among you all, the same shall be great." ^ Also in the same place : " Whosoever exalteth himself shall be made low, and whosoever abaseth himself shall be exalted." ■* Of this same thing to the Ro- mans : " Be not high-minded, but fear ; for if God spared not the natural branches, (take heed) lest He also spare not thee." s Of this same thing in the thirty-third Psalm : "And He shall save the lowly in spirit."^ Also to the Romans : " Render to all what is due : tribute to whom tribute is due, custom to whom custom, fear to whom fear, honour to whom honour ; owe no man anything, except to love another." 7 Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : "They love the first place of reclining at feasts, and the chief seat in the synagogues, and salutations in the market, and to be called of men Rabbi. But call not ye Rabbi, for One is your Master." ^ Also in the Gospel according to John : " The servant is not greater than his lord, nor the apostle greater than He that sent himself. If ye know these things, blessed shall ye be if ye shall do them." '^ Also in the eighty-first Psalm : " Do justice to the poor and lowly." '°

6. That all good and righteous men suffer more, but ought to endure because they are proved.

In Solomon : " The furnace proveth the ves- sels of the i^otter, and the trial of tribulation righteous men." " Also in the fiftieth Psalm : " The sacrifice to God is a contrite spirit ; a contrite and humbled heart God will not de- spise." '^ Also in the thirty-third Psalm : " God is nearest to them that are contrite in heart, and

' Isa. Ixvi. I, 2.

2 Matt. V. 5.

3 Luke ix. 48.

* Luke xiv. ii.

5 Rom. xi. 20, 21.

* Ps. xxxiv. 18.

7 Rom. xiii. 7, 8.

* Matt, xxiii. 6-8. 9 lohn xiii. 16, 17.

'° Ps. Ixxxii. 3. " Ecclus. xxvii. 5. '2 Ps. 11. 17.

He will save the lowly in spirit." '^ Also in the same place : " Many are the afflictions of the righteous, but out of them all the Lord will deliver them." '+ Of this same matter in Job : " Naked came I out of my mother's womb, naked also shall I go under the earth : the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away : as it hath pleased the Lord, so it is done ; blessed be the name of the Lord. In all these things which happened to him Job sinned in nothing with his lips in the sight of the Lord." 's Concerning this same thing in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted." '^ Also according to John : "These things have I spoken unto you, that in me ye

, may have peace. But in,the world ye shall ha\e affliction ; but have confidence, for I have over- come the world." '7 Concerning this same thing in the second Epistle to the Corinthians : "There was given to me a thorn in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to buffet me, that I should not be ex- alted. For which thing I thrice besought the Lord, that it should depart from me. And He said unto me. My grace is sufficient for thee ; for strength is perfected in weakness." '^ Con-

; cerning this same thing to the Romans : " ^V'e glory in hope of the glory of God. And not only so, but we also glory in afflictions : knowing that affliction worketh patience ; and patience, experience ; and experience, hope : and hope does not confound ; because the love of God is infused in our hearts by the Holy Spirit, which is given unto us." '^ On this same subject, ac- cording to Matthew : " How broad and spacious is the way which leadeth unto death, and many there are who go in thereby : how straight and narrow is the way that leadeth to life, and few there are that find it ! " ^° Of this same thing in Tobias: "Where are thy righteousnesses? be- hold what thou sufferest." ^' Also in the Wisdom of Solomon : " In the places of the wicked the righteous groan ; but at their ruin the righteous will abound." ^^

7. That we must not grieve the Holy Spirit, whom we have received.

Paul the apostle to the Ephesians : " Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God, in which ye were sealed in the day of redemption. Let all bitter- ness, and wrath, and indignation, and clamour, and blasphemy, be taken away from you." ^^

'3 Ps. xxxiv. 18. '* Ps. xxxiv. 19.

'5 Job i. 21, 22. '<> Matt. V. 4. '7 John xvi. 33. '8 2 Cor. xii. 7-9. '9 Rom. V. 2-5. -" Matt. vii. 13, 14. 21 Tob. ii. 14. =2 Prov. xxviii. 28. =3 Eph. iv. 30, 31.

[For the sealing, see Acts xix. 6, Heb. vi. 2.}

53.S

S. That anger must be overcome, lest it con- strain us to sin.

In Solomon in the Proverbs : " Better is a patient man than a strong man ; for he who re- strains his anger is better than he who taketh a city." ' Also in the same place : " The impru- dent man declareth his anger on the same day, l)ut the crafty man hideth away his dishonour." - Of this same thing to the Ephesians : " Be ye angry, and sin not. Let not the sun set upon your wrath." ^ Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Ye have heard that it was said by the ancients, Thou shalt not kill ; and whoever shall kill shall be guilty of the judgment. But I say unto you, That every one who is angry with his brother without cause shall be guilty of the judgment." ■♦

9. That brethren ought to support one an-

other.

To the Galatians .- •' Each one having others in consideration, lest ye also should be tempted. Bear ye one another's burdens, and so ye shall fulfil the law of Christ." s

10. That we must trust in God only, and in

Him we must glory.

In Jeremiah : " Let not the wise man glory m his wisdom, neither let the strong man glory in his strength, nor let the rich man glory in his riches ; but let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understands and knows that I am the Lord, who do mercy, and judgment, and right- eousness upon the earth, because in them is my pleasure, saith the Lord." ^ Of the same thing in the fifty-fourth Psalm : • " In the Lord have I hoped ; I will not fear what man can do unto me." 7 Also in the same place : " To none but God alone is my soul subjected." ^ Also in the cxviith Psalm : " I will not fear what man can do unto me ; the Lord is my helper." 9 Also in the same place : " It is good to trust in the Lord rather than to trust in man ; it is good to hope in the Lord rather than to hope in princes

r. " 10

Of this same thing in Daniel : But Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego an- swered and said to king Nebuchadnezzar, O king, there is no need to answer thee concern- ing_ this word. For God, whom we serve, is able to deliver us from the furnace of burning fire ; and He will deliver us from thine hand, O

king. And if not, be it known unto thee that we serve not thy gods, and we adore not the golden image which thou hast set up." " Like- wise in Jeremiah : " Cursed is the man who hath hope in man ; and blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord, and his hope shall be in God." '^ Concerning this same thing in Deuter- onomy : " Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and Him only shalt thou serve." '^ Of this same thing to the Romans : " And they worshipped and serv^ed the creature, forsaking the Creator. Wherefore also Ciod gave them up to ignominious passions." "» Of this thing also in John : " Greater is He who is in you than he who is in this world." '5

II. That he who has attained to trust, having put off the former man, ought to re- gard only celestial and spiritual things, and to give no heed to the world which he has already renounced.

In Isaiah : " Seek ye the Lord ; and when ye have found Him, call upon Him. But when He hath come near unto you, let the wicked forsake his ways, and the unrighteous man his thoughts : and let him be turned unto the Lord, and he shall obtain mercy, because He will plentifully pardon your sins." '^ Of this same thing in Solo- mon : " I have seen all the works which are done under the sun ; and, lo, all are vanity." '7 Of this same thing in Exodus : " But thus shall ye eat it ; your loins girt, and your shoes on your feet, and your staves in your hands : and ye shall eat it in haste, for it is the Lord's passover." '* Of this same thing in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Take no thought, saying, What shall we eat ? or. What shall we drink ? or. Wherewith shall we be clothed ? for these things the nations seek after. But your Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. Seek first the kingdom of God, and His righteousness ; and all these things shall be added unto you." '^ Likewise in the same place : " Think not for the morrow, for the morrow shall take thought for itself. Sufficient unto the day is its own evil." ^° Likewise in the same place : " No one looking back, and putting his hands to the plough, is fit for the kingdom of God." ^' Also in the same place : " Behold the fowls of the heaven : for they sow not, nor reap, nor gather into barns; and your heavenly Father feedeth

■ Prov. xvi. 32.

2 Prov. xii. 16.

3 Eph. iv. 26.

* Matt. V. 21, 22. ■^ Gal. vi. I, 2. ' Jer. ix. 23, 24. ^ Ps, Ivi. II.

8 Ps. Ixii. I.

9 Ps. cxviii. 6. •o Ps. cxviii. 8.

" Dan. iii. 16-18. '2 Jer. xvii. 5-7. '3 Deut. vi. 13. '< Rom. i. 25, 26. 'S I John iv. 4. ■ti Isa. Iv. 6, 7. '7 Eccles. i. 14. 18 Ex. xii. II. '9 Matt. vi. 31-33. 20 Matt. vi. 34. -' Luke ix. I2.

536

them. Are not ye of more value than they?" ' Concerning this same thing, according to Luke : " Let your loins be girded, and your lamps burning ; and ye like unto men that wait for their lord, when he cometh from the wedding ; that, when he cometh and knocketh, they may open to him. Blessed are those servants, whom their lord, when he cometh, shall find watch- ing." ^ Of this same thing in Matthew : " The foxes have holes, and the birds of the heaven have nests ; but the Son of man hath not where He may lay His head."^ Also in the same place : " Whoso forsaketh not all that he hath, ■cannot be my disciple." ■♦ Of this same thing in the first to the Corinthians : " Ye are not your own, for ye are bought with a great price. Glorify and bear God in your body." s Also in the same place : " The time is limited. It re- jiiaineth, therefore, that both they who have wives be as though they have them not, and they who lament as they that lament not, and they that rejoice as they that rejoice not, and they who buy as they that buy not, and they who possess as they who possess not, and they who use this world as they that use it not ; for the fashion of this world passeth away." ^ Also in the same place : " The first man is of the clay of the earth, the second man from heaven. As he is of the clay, such also are they who are of the clay ; and as is the heavenly, such also are the heavenly. Even as we have borne the image of him who is of the clay, let us bear His image also who is from heaven." ^ Of this same matter to the Philippians : " All seek their own, and not those things which are Christ's ; whose end is destruc- tion, whose god is their belly, and their glory is to their confusion, who mind earthly things. For our conversation is in heaven, whence also we expect the Saviour, our Lord Jesus Christ, who shall transform the body of our humiliation conformed to the body of His glory." ^ Of this very matter to Galatians : " But be it far from me to boast, except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world." ^ Concerning this same thing to Timothy : " No man that warreth for God bindeth himself with worldly annoyances, that he may please Him to whom he hath approved himself. But and if a man should contend, he will not be crowned unless he fight lawfully." '° Of this same thing to the Colossians : " If ye be dead with Christ from the elements of the world, why still, as if living

' Matt. vi. 26. - Luke xii. 35-37. 3 Matt. viii. 20. ■* Luke xiv. 33. S I Cor. vi. 19, 20. * I Cor. vii. 29-31. " I Cor. .\v. 47-49. ' Phil. ii. 21, lii. 19-21. 9 Gal. vi. 14. '^ 2 Tim. ii. 4, 5.

in the world, do ye follow vain things? " " Also concerning this same thing : " If ye have risen together with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ is sitting on the right hand of God. Give heed to the things that are above, not to those things which are on the earth ; for ye are dead, and your life is hidden with Christ in God. But when Christ your life shall appear, then shall ye also appear with Him in glory." '^ Of this same thing to the Ephesians : " Put off the old man of the former conversation, who is corrupted, according to the lusts of deceit. But be ye renewed in the spirit of your mind, and put on the new man, him who according to God is ordained in righteousness, and holiness, and truth." '3 Of this same thing in the Epistle of Peter : " As strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul ; but having a good conversation among the Gentiles, that while they detract from you as if from evil- doers, yet, beholding your good works, they may magnify God." '■* Of this same thing in the Epistle of John : " He who saith he abideth in Christ, ought himself also to walk even as He walked." '5 Also in the same place : " Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man loveth the world, the love of the Father is not in him. Because everytning which is in the world is lust of the flesh, and lust of the eyes, and the ambition of this world, which is not of the Father, but of the lust of this world. And the world shall pass away with its lust. But he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever, even as God abideth for ever." '^ Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Purge out the old leaven, that ye may be a new dough, as ye are unleavened. For also Christ our passover is sacrificed. Therefore let us cele- brate the feast, not in the old leaven, nor in the leaven of malice and wickedness, but in the un- leavened bread of sincerity and truth." '7

12. That we must not swear.

In Solomon : " A man that sweareth much shall be filled with iniquity, and the plague shall not depart from his house ; and if he swear vainly, he shall not be justified." '^ Of this same matter, according to Matthew : " (Again, ye have heard that it was said to them of old. Thou shalt not swear falsely, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths.) I say unto you, Swear not at all : (neither by heaven, because it is God's throne ; nor by the earth, because it is His footstool ; nor

'* Col. ii. BO.

'2 Col. iii. 1-4.

'3 Eph. iv. 22-24.

'* 2 Pet. ii. II, 12.

'5 I John ii. 6.

'* I John ii. 15-17.

'7 I Cor V. 7, 8.

'8 Ecclus. xxiii. ii. From some ancient text the Oxford edition adds here, " Et si frustra juraverit dupliciter punietur " — " and if he swear with no purpose, he shall be punished doubly."

537

by Jerusalem, because it is the city of the great King ; neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black.) But let your discourse be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay : (for whatever is fuller than these is of evil.")' Of this same thing in Exodus: *' Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain." -

13. That we must not curse.

In Exodus : " Thou shalt not curse nor speak ill of the ruler of thy people." ^ Also in the thirty-third Psalm : " Who is the man who de- sires life, and loveth to see good days ? Restrain thy tongue from evil, and thy lips that they speak no guile." + Of this same thing in Leviticus : ■" And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, Bring forth him who hath cursed abroatl outside the camp ; and all who heard him shall place their hands upon his head, and all the assembly of the children of Israel shall stone him." 5 Of this same thing in Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians : " Let no evil discourse proceed out of your mouth, but that which is good for the edification of faith, that it may give grace to the hearers." ^ Of this same thing to the Romans : " Blessing, and not cursing." 7 Of this same thing in the Gospel according to Matthew : "He who shall say to his brother. Thou fool ! shall be liable to the Gehenna of fire." ^ Of this same matter, according to the same Matthew : " But I say unto you, That every idle word which men shall speak, they shall give account for it in the day of judgment. For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be con- demned."'^

14. That we must never murmur, but bless

God concerning all things that happen.

In Job : " Say some word against the Lord, and die. But he, looking upon her, said, Thou speakest as one of the foolish women. If we have received good things from the Lord's hand, why shall we not endure evil things? In all these things which happened unto him. Job sinned not with his lips in the sight of the Lord." '° Also in the same place : " Hast thou regarded my servant Job ? for there is none like unto him in the earth : a man without complaint : a true worshipper of God, restraining himself from all evil." " Of the same thing in the thirty-third

■ Matt. V. 34-37. All these passages are wanting in the Oxford text; [also in ed. Paris, 1574].

2 Ex. XX. 7. [Compare old Paris ed. on this section.]

3 Ex. xxii. 28.

* Ps. xxxiv. 12, 13. 5 Lev. xxiv. 13, 14.

* Eph. iv. 2g.

^ Rom. xii. 14.

* Matt. V. 22.

9 Matt. xii. 36, 37. '° Job ii. 9, 10. " Job i. 3.

Psalm . " I will bless the Lord at all times : His praise shall ever be in my mouth." '^ Of this same thing in Numbers : " Let their murmuring cease from me, and they shall not die." '^ Of thig same thing in the Acts of the Apostles : " But about the middle of the night Paul and Silas prayed and gave thanks to God, and the prison- ers heard them." '■♦ Also in the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians : " But doing all things for love, without murmurings and revilings,'^ that ye may be without complaint, and spotless sons of God." '"

15. That men are tried by God for this pur-

pose, that they may be proved.

In Genesis : " And God tempted Abraham, and said to him, Take thy only son whom thou lovest, Isaac, and go into the high land, and offer him there as a burnt-offering on one of the mountains of \vhich I will tell thee." '^ Of this same thing in Deuteronomy : " The Lord your God proveth }ou, that He may know if ye love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul." '^ Of this same thing in the Wis- dom of Solomon : " Although in the sight of men they suffered torments, their hope is full of immortality ; and having been in few things distressed, yet in many things they shall be hap- l^ily ordered, because God tried them, and found them worthy of Himself As gold in the furnace He proved them, and as a burnt-offering He re- ceived them. And in their time there shall be respect of them ; they shall judge the nations, and shall rule over the people ; and their Lord shall reign for ever." "^ Of this same thing in the Maccabees : " Was not Abraham found faithful in temptation, and it was accounted unto him for righteousness ? " ^°

16. Of the benefits of martyrdom.

In the Proverbs of Solomon : " The faithful martyr delivers his soul from evils." ^' Also in the same place : " Then shall the righteous stand in great boldness against them who have afflicted them, and who took away their labours. When they see them, they shall be disturbed with a i horrible fear ; and they shall wonder at the sud- denness of their unhoped-for salvation, saying among themselves, repenting and groaning with distress of spirit. These are they whom some time we had in derision, and in the likeness of a proverb ; we fools counted their life madnesSj

'^ Ps xxxiv. I.

'3 Num. xvii. 10.

'< Acts xvi. 25.

's Reputationibus; possibly " complainings."

16 Phil. ii. 14, 15.

'^ Gen. xxii. i, 2.

'3 Deut. xiii. 3.

'9 Wisd. iii. 4-8.

"° I Mace ii. 52.

2' Prov. xiv. 25.

538

and their end without honour. How are they i reckoned among the children of God, and their lot among the saints I Therefore we have wan- <lered from the way of truth, and the light of righteousness has not shined upon us, and the sun has not risen upon us. We have been [ wearied in the way of iniquity and of perdition, and we have walked through difficult solitudes ; but we have not known the way of the Lord. What hath i)ride profited us? or what hath the boasting of riches brought to us? All these things have passed away as a shadow." ' Of this same thing in the cxvth Psalm : " Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His saints." - Also in the cxxvth Psalm : " They who sow in tears shall reap in joy. Walking they walked, and wept as they cast their seeds ; but coming they shall come in joy, raising up their laps." ^ Of this same thing in the Gospel according to John : " He who loveth his life shall lose it ; and he that hateth his life in this world shall find it to life eternal." ■♦ Also in the same place : " But when they shall deliver you up, take no thouglit what ye shall speak ; for it is not ye who speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you." 5 Also in the same place : " The hour shall come, that every one that killeth you shall think he doeth service to (iod ; but they shall do this also because they have not known the Father nor me."'' Of this same matter, accord- ing to Matthew : " Blessed are they which shall suffer persecution for righteousness' sake ; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." 7 Also in the same place : " Fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul ; but rather fear Him which is able to kill the soul and body in Gehenna." ^ Also in the same place : "Whoso- ever shall confess me before men, him also will I confess before my Father which is in heaven ; but he who shall deny me before men, him also will I deny before my Father which is in heaven. .■\nd he that shall endure to the end, the same shall be saved." 9 Of this same thing, according to Luke : " Blessed shall ye be when men shall hate you, and shall separate you (from their company), and shall drive you out, and shall speak evil of your name, as wicked, for the Son of man's sake. Rejoice in that day, and exult ; for, lo, your reward is great in heaven." '° Also in the same place : " Verily I say unto you. There is no man that leaveth house, or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children, for the sake of the kingdom of God, and does not receive seven

■ Wisd. V. i-g. ' Ps. cxvi. 5. 3 Ps. cxxvi. 5, 6.

* John xii. 25.

5 Matt. X. 19, 20.

* John xvi. 2, 3. 7 M.itt. V. 10.

^ Matt. X. 28. 9 Matt. X. 32, 33. '-■ Luke vi. 22, 23.

times as much in this present time, but in the world to come life everlasting." " Of this same thing in the .Apocalypse : " And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar of God the souls of them that were slain on ac- count of the word of God and His testimony. .And they cried with a loud voice, saying. How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost Hiou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? .And unto every one of them were given white robes ; and it was said to them, that they should rest still for a short time, until the number of their fellow-servants, and of their brethren, should be fulfilled, and they who shall afterwards be slain, after their example." '- .Also in the same place : " After these things I saw a great crowd, which no one among them could number, from every nation, and from every tribe, and from every people and tongue, standing be- fore the throne and before the Lamb ; and they were clothed with white robes, and palms were in their hands. And they said with a loud voice. Salvation to our God, that sitteth upon the throne, and to the Lamb. And one of the elders an- swered and said to me. What are these which are clothed with white robes ? who are they, and whence have they come ? And I said unto him. My lord, thou knowest. And he said unto me. These are they who have come out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb. Therefore they are before the throne of God, and serve Him day and night in His temple ; and He who sitteth upon the throne shall dwell among them. They shall neither hunger nor thirst ever ; and neither shall the sun fall upon them, nor shall they suffer any heat : for the Lamb who Is in the midst of the throne shall pro- tect them, and shall lead them to the fountains of the waters of life ; and God shall wipe away every tear from their eyes." '^ Also in the same place : " He who shall overcome I will give him to eat of the tree of life, which is in the paradise of my God." '^ Also in the same place : " Be thou faithful even unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life." '5 Also in the same place : " Blessed shall they be who shall watch, and shall keep their garments, lest they walk naked, and they see their shame." '*' Of this same thing, Paul in the second Epistle to Timothy : " I am now offered up, and the time of my assumption is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith. There now remains for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give

" Luke xviii. 29, 30.

'- Rev. vi. 9-11.

'3 Rev. vii. 9-17.

>•> Rev. ii. 7.

'- Rev. ii. lo.

"> Rev. xvi. 15.

539

me in that day ; and not only to me, but to all also who love His appearing." ■ Of this same thing to the Romans : " We are the sons of (lod : but if sons and heirs of God, we are also joint- heirs with Christ ; if we suffer together, that we may also be magnified together." ~ Of this same thing in the cxviiith Psalm : " Blessed are they who are undefiled in the way, and walk in the law of the Lord. Blessed are they who search into His testimonies." ^

17. That what we suffer in this world is of

less account than is the reward which is promised.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Romans : " The sufferings of this present time are not worthy of comparison with the glory that is to come after, which shall be revealed in us."-* Of this same thing in the Maccabees : " O Lord, who hast the holy knowledge, it is manifest that while I might be delivered from death, I am suffering most cruel pains of body, being beaten with whips ; yet in spirit I suffer these things willingly, because of the fear of thine own self." s Also in the same place : " Thou indeed, being power- less, destroyest us out of this present life ; but the King of the world shall raise us up who have died for His laws into the eternal resurrection of life." ^ Also in the same place : " It is better that, given up to death by men, we should ex- pect hope from God to be raised again by Him. For there shall be no resurrection to life for thee." 7 Also in the same place : " Having power among men, although thou art corruptible, thou doest what thou wilt. But think not that our race is forsaken of God. Sustain, and see how His great power will torment thee and thy seed." ^ Also in the same place : " Do not err without cause ; for we suffer these things on our own accounts, as sinners against our God. But think not thou that thou shalt be unpunished, having undertaken to fight against God." 9

18. That nothing is to be preferred to the

love of God and Christ.

In Deuteronomy : " Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might." '° Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " He that loveth father or mother above me, is not worthy of me ; and he that loveth son or daughter above me, is not worthy of me ; and he that taketh not up his

' 2 Tim. iv. 6-8. - Rom. viii. 16, 17. 3 Ps. cxix. I, 2.

* Rom. viii. 18.

s 2 Mace. vi. 30.

•> 2 Mace. vii. g.

' 2 Mace. vii. 14.

* 2 Mace. vii. 16, 17. 9 2 Mace vii. 18, 19.

10 Deut. vi. 5.

cross and followeth me, is not my disciple." " Also in the Llpisde of Paul to the Romans : "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword ? As it is written. Because for thy sake we are killed all the day long, we are counted as sheep for the slaughter. But in all these things we are more than conquerors for His sake who loved us." '-

19. That we are not to obey our own will, but

the will of God.

In the Gospel according to John : " I came not down from heaven to do mine own will, but the will of Him that sent me." '^ Of this same matter, according to Matthew : " Father, if it be possible, let this cu]) pass from me ; neverthe- less, not what I will, but what Thou wilt." '•♦ Also in the daily prayer : *' Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth." '5 Also according to Mat- thew : " Not every one who saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven ; but he who doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven, he shall enter into the kingdom of heaven." '^ Also according to Luke : " But that servant which knoweth his Lord's will, and obeyed not His will, shall be beaten with many stripes." '? In the Epistle of John : " But he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever, even as He Him- self also abideth for ever." '**

20. That the foundation and strength of hope

and faith is fear.

In the cxth Psalm : " The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." '^ Of the same thing in the Wisdom of Solomon : " The beginning of wisdom is to fear God." ^° Also in the Proverbs of the same : " Blessed is the man who rever- ences all things with fear." ^' Of the same thing in Isaiah : " And upon whom else will I look, except upon him that is lowly and peaceful, and that trembleth at my words ?"^^ Of this same thing in Genesis : " And the angel of the Lord called him from heaven, and said unto him, Abraham, Abraham : and he said, Here am I. And he said. Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do anything unto him : for now I know that thou fearest thy God, and hast not spared thy beloved son for my sake."^^ Also in the second Psalm : " Serve the Lord in fear, and

" Matt. X. 37, 38.

'2 Rom. viii. 35-37.

'3 John vi. 38.

'■i Matt. xxvi. 39.

'5 Matt. vi. 10.

•^ Matt. vii. 21.

'7 Luke xii. 47.

'8 I John ii. 17.

'9 Ps. cxi. 10. [Tertull., vol. iii. 264.]

^° Eeclus. i. 14.

-' Prov. XX viii. 14.

2- Isa. Ixvi. 2.

-^ Gen. xxii. 11, 12.

540

rejoice unto Him in trembling." ' Also in Deu- teronomy, the word of God to Moses : " Call the people together to me, and let them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they themselves shall live upon the earth." ^ Also in Jeremiah : " Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will perfect upon the house of Israel, and in the house of Judah, a new covenant : not according to the covenant that I had ordered with their fathers in the day when I laid hold of their hand to bring them out of the land of Kgypt ; because they have not abode in my covenant, and I have been un- mindful of them, saith the Lord ; because this is the covenant which I will ordain for the house of Israel ; After those days, saith the Lord, I will give my law, and will write it in their mind ; and I will be to them for a God, and they shall be to me for a i)eople. And they shall not teach every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord : because all shall know me, from the least even to the greatest of them : because I will be favour- able to their iniquities, and their sins I will not remember anv more. If the heaven should be lifted up on high, saith the Lord, and if the earth should be made low from beneath, yet I will not cist away the people of Israel, saith the Lord, for all the things which they have done. Behold, I will gather them together from every land in which I have scattered them in anger, and in my fury, and in great indignation ; and I will grind them down into that place, and I will leave them in fear ; and they shall be to me for a people, and I will be to them for a God : and I will give them another way, and another heart, that they may fear me all their days in prosperity with their children : and I will perfect for them an everlasting covenant, which I will not turn away after them ; and I will put my fear into their heart, that they may not depart from me : and I will visit upon them to do them good, and to plant them in their land in faith, and with all the heart, and with all the mind." •' Also in the Ajjocalypse : " And the four and twenty elders which sit on their thrones in the sight (of God), fell upon their faces, and worshipped God, saying. We give Thee thanks, O Lord God omnipotent, which art and which wast ; because Thou hast taken Thy great power, and hast reigned. And the nations were angry, and Thy wrath is come, and the time in which it should be jutlged con- cerning the dead, and the reward should be given to Thy servants the prophets, and the saints that fear Thy name, small and great ; and to disperse those who have corrupted the earth." •»

' Ps. ii. II. The whole of the remainder of this section, except the two concluding quotations from the Psalms, is wanting in many editions.

- Deut. iv. ID.

^ Jer. xxxi. 31-41.

* Rev. xi. 16, 17.

Also in the same place : " And I saw another angel flying through the midst of the heaven, having the everlasting Gospel to preach to those who dwell upon the earth, and to all the nations, and tribes, and tongues, and peoples, saying with a loud voice. Fear God, and give Him honour, because the hour of. His judgment is come ; and adore Him who made the heaven, and the earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters." 5 Also in the same place : " And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire ; and the beasts were feeding with His lambs /' and the number of His name a hundred and forty and four, standing upon the sea of glass, having the harps of God : and they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, say- ing. Great and marvellous are Thy works, O Lord God Almighty ; just and true are Thy ways. Thou King of the nations. Who would not fear Thee, and give honour to Thy name ? for Thou only art holy : and because all nations shall come and worship in Thy sight, because Thy right- eousnesses have been made manifest." ? Also ui Daniel : " There was a man dwelling in Babylon whose name was Joachim ; and he took a wife by name Susanna, the daughter of Helchias, a very beautiful woman, and one that feared the Lord. And her parents were righteous, and taught their daughter according to the law of Moses." '^ Moreover, in Daniel: " And we are lowly this day in all the earth because of our sins, and there is not at this time any prince, or prophet, or leader, or burnt-offering, or oblation, or sacrifice, or incense, or place to sacrifice be- fore Thee, and to find mercy from Thee. And yet in the soul and spirit of lowliness let us be accepted as the burnt-offerings of rams and bulls, and as it were many thousands of lambs which are fattest. If our offering may be made in Thy presence this day, their power shall be consumed, for they shall not be ashamed who put their trust in Thee. And now we follow with our whole heart, and we fear and seek Thy face. Give us not over unto reproach, but do with us accord- ing to Thy tranquillity, and according to the multitude of Thy mercy deliver us." 9 Also in the same place : " And the king exceedingly re- joiced, and commanded Daniel to be taken up out of the den of lions ; and the lions had done him no hurt, because he trusted and had believed in his God. And the king commanded, and they brought those men who had accused Daniel ; and they cast them in the den of lions, and their wives and their children. And before they had

5 Rev. xiv. i6, 17.

* There is considerable departure here from the Apocalyptic text, for which it is not easy to account. [Hut this is an interesting fact as bearing upon the question of an original African version made from a family of Mss. now extinct.]

7 Rev. XV. 2-4.

8 Hist, of Susannah, 1-3.

9 Song of the Three Children, 14-19.

541

reached the pavement of the den they were seized by the Rons, and they brake all their bones in pieces. Then Darius the king wrote, To all peoples, tribes, and languages which are in my kingdom, peace be unto you from my iace. I decree and ordain that all those who are in my kingdom shall fear and tremble before the most high God whom Daniel serves, because He is the God who liveth and abideth for ever, and His kingdom shall not pass away, and His dominion goeth on for ever ; and He alone doeth signs, and prodigies, and marvellous things in the heaven and the earth, who snatched Daniel from the den of lions." ■ Also in Micah : "Wherewith shall I approach the Lord, and lay hold upon Him? in sacrifices, in burnt-offerings, in calves of a year old ? Does the Lord favour and receive me with thousands of fat goats? or shall I give my first-fruits of unrighteousness, the fruit of my belly, the sin of my soul ? It is told thee, O man, what is good ; or what else the Lord doth require, save that thou shouldst do judgment and justice, and love "mercy, and be ready to go with the Lord thy God. The voice of the Lord shall be invoked in the city, and He will save those who fear His name." - Also in Micah : " Feed Thy people with Thy rod, the sheep of Thine inheritance ; and pluck up those who dwell separately in the midst of Carmel. They shall prepare Bashan and Gilead according to the days of the age ; and according to the days of their going forth from the land of Egypt I will show them wonderful things. The nations shall see, and be confounded at all their might ; and they shall place their hand upon their mouth. Their ears shall be deafened, and they shall lick the dust as do serpents. Dragging the earth, they shall be disturbed, and they shall lick the dust : in their end they shall be afraid towards the Lord their God, and they shall fear because of Thee. Who is a God as Thou art, raising up unrighteousness, and passing over impiety? "^ And in Nahum : "The mountains were moved at Him, and the hills trembled ; and the earth was laid bare before His face, and all who dwell therein. From the face of His anger who shall bear it, and who withstandeth in the fury of His soul? His rage causes the beginnings to flow, and the rocks were melted by Him. The Lord is good to those who sustain Him in the day of affliction, and knoweth those who fear Him." •* Also in Haggai : " And Zerubbabel the son of Salathiel, of the tribe of Judah, and Jesus the son of Josedech, the high priest, and all who re- mained of the people, obeyed the voice of the Lord their God, because the Lord sent him to

■ Dan. vi. 24-28. - Mic. vi. 6-9. 3 Mic. vii. 14-18. ■* Nah. i. 5-7.

them, and the people feared from the face of God." 5 Also in Malachi : "The covenant was with life and peace ; and I gave to them the fear to fear me from the face of my name." ^ Also in the thirty-third Psalm : " Fear the Lord, all ye His saints : for there is no want to them that fear Him." 7 Also in the eighteenth Psalm : " The fear of the Lord is chaste, abiding for ever." **

2 1 . That we must not rashly judge of another.

In the Gospel according to Luke : " Judge not, that ye be not judged : condemn not, that ye be not condemned." '-' Of this same subject to the Romans : " Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own mastel- he standeth or falleth. But he shall stand ; for God is able to make him stand." '" And again : " Wherefore thou art without excuse, O every man that judgest : for in that in which thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou doest the same things which thou judgest. But dost thou hope, who judgest those who do evil, and doest the same, that thou thyself shalt escape the judgment of God?"" Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " And let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall." '^ And again : " If any man thinketh that he knoweth anything, he knoweth not yet in what manner he ought to know." '^

22. That when we have received a wrong, we

must remit and forgive it.

In the Gospel, in the daily prayer : " Forgive us our debts, even as we forgive our debtors." "'* Also according to Mark : " And when ye stand for prayer, forgive, if ye have ought against any .one ; that also your Father who is in heaven may forgive you your sins. But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive you your sins." '5 Also in the same place : " In what measure ye mete, in that shall it be measured to you again." '^

23. That evil is not to be returned for evil.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Romans : " Ren- dering to no man evil for evil." '7 Also in the same place : " Not to be overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good." ^^ Of this same thing in the Apocalypse : " And He said unto me,

5 Hag. i. 12.

6 Mai. ii. 5.

7 Ps. xxxiv. 9.

8 Ps. xix. 9.

9 Luke vi. 37. '° Rom. .viv. 4. " Rom. ii. 1-3. '2 I Cor. X. 12. '3 I Cor. viii. 2. '< Matt. vi. 12.

'5 Matt. xi. 25, 26. '^ Mark iv. 24. '^ Rom. xii. 17. '5 Rom. xii. a.

542

Seal not the words of the prophecy of this book ; because now the time is at hand. And let those who persist in hurting, hurt : and let him who is filthy, be filthy still : but let the righteous do still more righteousness : and in like manner, let him that is holy do still more holiness. Behold, I come quickly ; and my reward is with me, to render to every man according to his deeds." '

24. That it is impossible to attain to the

Father but by His Son Jesus Christ.

In the Gospel according to John : " I am the way, the truth, and the life : no man cometh unto the Father, but by me." - Also in the same' place : " I am the door : by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved." ^

25. That unless a man have been baptized

and born again, he cannot attain unto the kingdom of God.

In the Gospel according to John : " Except a man be born again of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. For that which is born of the flesh is flesh ; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit."-* Also in the same place : " Unless ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink His blood, ye shall not have life in you." 5

26. That it is of small account to be baptized

and to receive the Eucharist, unless one profit by it both in deeds and works.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Know ye not, that they which run in a race run indeed all, although one receiveth the prize ? So run, that ye may obtain. And those indeed that they may receive a corruptible crown, but we an incorruptible." ^ In the Gospel according to Matthew : " Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit shall be cut down, and cast into the fire." 7 Also in the same place : " Many shall say unto me in that day. Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in Thy name, and in Thy name have cast out devils, and in Thy name have done great works? And then shall I say to them, I never knew you ; depart from me, ye who work ini(}uity." ** Also in the same place : "Let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven." 9 Also Paul to the Philippians : "Shine as lights in the world." '°

' Rev. xxii. 10-12. ^ John xiv. 6. 3 John X. 9.

* John iii. 5, 6. ■' John VI. 53.

<* 1 Cor. ix. 24, 25. 7 Matt. iii. 10.

* Matt. vii. 22, 23. 9 Matt. V. 16.

»o Phil. ii. 15.

27. That even a baptized person loses the

grace that he has attained, unless he keep innocency.

In the Gospel according to John : " Lo, thou art made whole : sin no more, lest a worse thing happen unto thee." " Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and the Spirit of God abideth in you ? If any one violate the temple of God, him will God destroy." '^ Of this same thing in the Chronicles : " God is with you, while ye are with Him : if ye forsake Him, He will forsake you." '^

28. That remission cannot in the Church be

granted unto him who has sinned against God (i.e., the Holy Ghost).

In the Gospel according to Matthew : " Who- soever shall say a, word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him ; but whosoever shall speak against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world nor in the world to come." '•♦ Also according to Mark : " All sins shall be forgiven, and blasphemies, to the sons of men ; but whoever shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, but he shall be guilty of eternal sin." 's Of this same thing in the first book of Kings : " If a man sin by offending against a man, they shall pray the Lord for him ; but if a man sin against God, who shall pray for him? " '^

29. That it was before predicted, concerning

the hatred of the Name,

In the Gospel according to Luke : " And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake." "^ Also according to John : " If the world hate you, know ye that it first hated me. If ye were of the world, the world would love what would be its own : but because ye are not of the world, and I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you. Remember the word which I said unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you." ''^ Also in Baruch : "^ " For the time shall come, and ye shall seek me, both ye and those who shall be after you, to hear the word of wisdom and of understanding ; and ye shall not find me. But the nations shall desire to

'" John V. 14.

■- I Cor. iii. 16, 17.

'3 2 Chron. xv. 2.

■•« Matt. xii. 32.

'S Mark iii. 28, 29.

'6 I Sam. ii. 25. [i.e. preceding words of Christ.

'7 Luke xxi. 17.

'5 John .w. 18-20.

'9 Tlie whole of this quotation, as it is called, from Baruch, is wanting in all codices but two. It is remarkable, as finding no place in any text of Scripture, nor in any translation, whether Greek or Latin.

he regards this text as expounded by the Compare i John v. 16.]

54:

see the wise man, and it shall not happen to them ; not because the wisdom of this world shall be wanting, or shall fail to the earth ; but neither shall the word of the law be wanting to the world. For wisdom shall be in a few who watch, and are silent and quiet, and who hold converse with one another ; because some shall dread them, and shall fear them as evil. But some do not believe the word of the law of the Highest. But some who are amazed in their countenance will not believe ; and they also who contradict will believe, and will be contrary to and hindering the spirit of truth. Moreover, others will be wise to the spirit of error, and declaring the edicts, as if of the Highest and the Strong One. More- over, others are possessors of faiths Others are mighty and strong in the faith of the Highest, and hateful to the stranger."

30. That what any one has vowed to God, he

must quickly repay.

In Solomon : " According as thou hast vowed a vow to God, delay not to pay it." ^ Concern- ing this same thing in Deuteronomy : "' But if thou hast vowed a vow to the Lord thy God, thou shalt not delay to pay it : because the Lord thy God inquiring shall seek it of thee ; and it shall be for a sin. Thou shalt observe those things that shall go forth out of thy lips, and shalt perform the gift which thou hast spoken with thy mouth." ^ Of this same matter in the forty-ninth Psalm : " Sacrifice to God the sacri- fice of praise, and pay thy vows to the Most High. Call upon me in the day of trouble, and \ will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me." + Of this same thing in the Acts of the Apostles : •" Why hath Satan filled thine heart, that thou shouldst lie to the Holy Ghost, when thy estate was in thine own power? Thou hast not lied ■imto men, but unto God." 5 Also in Jeremiah : ^' Cursed is he who doeth the work of God negligently." ''

31. That he who does not beUeve is judged

already.

In the Gospel according to John : " He that believeth not is already judged, because he hath not believed in the name of the only ^ Son of (lod. And this is the judgment, that light has come into the world, and men have loved dark- ness rather than light." ^ Of this also in the first Psalm : " Therefore the ungodly shall not

rise up in judgment, nor sinners in the council

' Personales fidei. This, like many other expressions in this strange passage, gives no cUie to a meaning. - Eccles. V. 4.

Deut. xxiii. 21-23.

I's. 1 14, 15.

Acts V. 3, 4.

Jer. xlviii. 10.

Unice ; but some read utiigeniti, " only-begotten."

John iii. iS, 19.

of the righteous." 9

32. Of the benefit of virginity and of con- tinency.'"

In Genesis : " Multiplying I will multiply thy sorrows and thy groanings, and in sorrow shalt thou bring forth children ; and thy turning shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee." " Of this same thing in the Gospel according to Matthew : " All men do not receive the word, but they to whom it is given : for there are some eunuchs who were born so from their mother's womb, and there are eunuchs who have been constrained by men, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He who can re- ceive it, let him receive it." '^ Also according to Luke : " The children of this world beget, and are begotten. But they who have been consid- ered worthy of that world, and the resurrection from the dead, do not marry, nor are married : for neither shall they begin to die : for they are equal to the angels of God, since they arc the children of the resurrection. But, that the dead rise again, Moses intimates when he says in the bush, The Lord, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. He is not the God of the dead, but of the living : for all live unto Him." '^ Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " It is good for a man not to touch a woman. But, on account of fornication, let every man have his own wife, and every woman have her own husband. Let the husband render what is due to the wife, and similarly the wife to the husband. The wife hath not power over her own body, but the hus- band. And in like manner, the husband hath not power over his own body, but the wife. Defraud not one the other, except by agreement for a time, that ye may have leisure for prayer ; and again return to the same point, lest Satan tempt you on account of your incontinency. This I say by way of allowance, not by way of command. But I wish that all men should be even as I am. But every one has his proper gift from God ; one in one way, but another in another way." '■♦ Also in the same place : " An unmarried man thinks of those things which are the Lord's, in what way he may please God ; but he who has contracted marriage thinks of those things that are of this world, in what way he may please his wife. Thus also, both the woman and the unmarried virgin thinketh of

9 Ps i 5.

'=> [ This section is confined to Scripture, and goes not beyond the word of the Divine Wisdom, as do some of the Fathers. ] " (!en. iii. i6. '- Matt, xix. II, 12. t3 Luke XX. 34-38. '■* I Cor. vii. 1-7.

544

those things which are the Lord's, that she may be holy both in l)0(ly and in spirit ; but she that hath married thinks of those things which are of this world, in what way she may please her hus- band." ' Also in Exodus, when the Lord had commanded Moses that he should sanctify the ])eople for the third day, he sanctified them, and added : "Be ye ready, for three days ye shall not approach to women." ^ Also in the first l)ook of Kings: ''.And the priest answered to David, and said. There are no profane loaves in my hand, except one sacred loaf. If the young men have been kept back from women, they shall eat." ^ .Also in the Apocalypse : " These are they who have not defiled themselves with women, for they have continued virgins ; these are they who follow the Lamb whithersoever He shall go." ■<

^;^. That the Father judgeth nothing, but the Son ; and that the Father is not glori- fied by him by whom the Son is not glorified.

In the Gospel according to John : " The Father judgeth nothing, but hath given all judg- ment unto the Son, that all may honour the Son as they honour the Father. He who honoureth not the Son, honoureth not the Father who hath sent Him." 5 Also in the seventy-first Psalm : " O God, give the king Thy judgment, and Thy righteousness to the king's son, to judge Thy jjeople in righteousness."^ Also in Genesis: " Antl the Lord rained upon Sodom and Gomor- rah sulphur, and fire from heaven from the Lord." 7

34. That the believer ought not to live like the Gentile.

In Jeremiah : " Thus saith the Lord, Walk ye not according to the way of the (lentiles."^ Of this same thing, that one ought to separate himself from the Gentiles, lest he should be a companion of their sin, and become a partaker of their j)enalty, in the Apocalypse: ".And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Go forth from her, my people, lest thou be partaker of her crimes, and lest thou be stricken with her l)lagues ; because her crimes have reached even to heaven, and the Lord (iod hath remembered her inicjuities. Therefore He hath returned unto her double, and in the cup which she hath mixed >louble is mingled for her ; and in how much she hath glorified herself and possessed of de-

' I Cor. vii. 32-34. '^ Ex. xix. 15. 3 1 Sam. xxi. 4. * Rev. xiv. 4. -^ John V. 22, 23. '' Ps. Ixxii. 1, 2. ^ (icn. xix. 24. " Jer. X. 2.

lights, in so much is given unto her both torment and grief. For in her heart she says, I am a queen, and cannot be a widow, nor shall I see sorrow. Therefore in one hour her plagues shall come'On her, death, grief, and famine; and she shall be burned with fire, because the Lord God is strong who shall judge her. And the kings of the earth shall weep and lament themselves for her, who have committed fornication with her, and have been conversant in her sins." 9 Also in Isaiah : " Go forth from the midst of them, ye who bear the vessels of the Lord." '°

35. That God is patient for this end, that we

may repent of our sin, and be reformed.

In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus : " Say not, I have sinned, and what sorrow hath happened to me? For the Highest is a patient repayer." " Also Paul to the Romans : '• Or despisest thou the riches of His goodness, and forbearance, and patience, not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance ? But, accord- ing to thy hardness and impenitent heart, thou treasures! up to thyself wrath in the day of wrath and of revelation of the just judgment of God, who will render to every man according to his deeds." '^

36. That a woman ought not to be adorned

in a worldly fashion.

In the Apocalypse : " And there came one of the seven angels having vials, and approached me, saying. Come, I will show thee the condem- nation of the great whore, who sitteth upon many waters, with whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication. And I saw a woman who sate upon a beast. .And that w'oman was clothed with a purple and scarlet robe ; and she was adorned with gold, and precious stones, and pearls, holding a golden cup in her hand full of curses, and impurity, and fornication of the whole earth." '^ Also to Timothy : " Let your women be such as adorn themselves with shamefacedness and modesty, not with twisted hair, nor with gold, nor with pearls, or precious garments, but as be- cometh women professing chastity, with a good conversation." '■♦ Of this same thing in the E])istle of Peter to the people at Pontus : " Let there be in a woman not the outward adorning of orna- ment, or of gold, or of apparel, but the adorning of the heart." "-'' Also in Genesis : " Thamar cov- ered herself with a cloak, and adorned herself;

9 Rev. xviii. 4-9. The Oxford text reads " deliciis " instead of " delictis," — making the last clause, "and have walked in delica- cies."

'° Isa. Hi. II.

" Ecclus. v. 4.

'^ Rom. ii. 4-6.

'3 Rev. xvii. 1-4.

'< I Tim. ii. 9, 10.

■5 I Pet. iii. 4. [This limitation to " Pontus" is curious.]

THE TREATISES OF CYVRIAN

545

and when Judah beheld her, she appeared to him to be a harlot." '

37. That the believer ought not to be pun- ished for other offences, except for the name he bears.

In the Epistle of Peter to them of Pontus : " Nor let any of you suffer as a thief, or a mur- derer, or as an evil-doer, or as a minder of other people's business,- but as a Christian. ^

^8. That the servant of God ought to be innocent, lest he fall into secular pun- ishment.

In the Episde of Paul to the Romans : " Wilt thou not be afraid of the power? Do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of it." •*

39. That there is given to us an example of

living in Christ.

In the Epistle of Peter to them of Pontus : " For Christ suffered for us, leaving you an ex- ample, that ye may follow His steps ; who did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth ; who, when He was reviled, reviled not again ; when He suffered, threatened not, but gave Himself up to him that judgeth unrighteously." 5 Also Paul to the Philippians : " Who, being ap- pointed in the figure of God, thought it not robbery that He was equal with God ; but emp- tied Himself, taking the form of a servant. He was made in the likeness of man, and was found in fashion as a man. He humbled Himself, becoming obedient even unto death, and the death of the cross. For which cause also God hath exalted Him, and hath given Him a name, that it may be above every name, that in the name of Jesus every knee should be bowed, of things heavenly, and earthly, and infernal ; and that every tongue should confess that the Lord Jesus Christ is in glory of God the Father."'' Of this same thing in the Gospel according to John : " If I have washed your feet, being your Master and Lord, ye also ought to wash the feet of others. For I have given you an example, that as I have done, ye also should do to others." 7

40. That we must not labour noisily nor

boastfully.

In the Gospel according to Matthew : " Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand

' Gen. xxxviii. 14, 15.

2 [Gr. u)9 aAAoTpioeTritTKOTTO?; a Strange expression. This is St. Paul's canon (Greek) of jurisdiction, which he expounds, 2 Cor. x. 13, 14. Comp. Gal. ii. 9. Showing, by the way, the limits of Peter's juris- diction, " measure," or txtrpov To£r xat'bi'os. Note 15, p. 544, jw/ra.]

3 I Pet. iv. 15, 16. * Rom. xiii. 3.

5 I Pet. ii. 21-23. <> Phil. ii. 6-11. ' John xiii. 14, re.

doeth, that thine alms may be in secret ; and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall render to thee." ^ Also in the same place : " When thou doest an alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the streets and in the synagogues, that they may be glori- fied of men. Verily I say unto you. They have fulfilled their reward." ^

41. That we must not speak foolishly and

offensively.

In Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians : " Foolish speaking and scurrility, which are not fitting for the occasion, let them not be even named among

you." '"

42. That faith is of advantage altogether, and

that we can do as m;)ch as we believe.

In Genesis : " And Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness." " Also in Isaiah : "And if ye do not believe, neither shall ye understand." '^ Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt?" '^ Also in the same place : " If you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye shall say to this mountain. Pass over from here to that place, and it shall pass over ; and nothing shall be impossible unto you." '•♦ Also according to Mark : " All things whatsoever ye pray and ask for, believe that ye shall receive them, and they shall be yours." '5 Also in the same place : "All things are possible to him that believeth." '^ In Habakkuk : " But the righteous liveth by my faith." '7 Also in Daniel : " Ananias, Azarias, and Misael, trusting in God, were delivered from the fiery flame."

43. That he who believes can immediately

obtain (i.e., pardon and peace).

In the Acts of the Apostles : " Lo, here is water ; what is there which hinders me from being baptized ? Then said Philip, If thou be- lievest with all thine heart, thou mayest." '**

44. That believers who differ among them-

selves ought not to refer to a Gentile judge. '9

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Dares any of you, having a matter against an-

* Matt. vi. 3,4. 9 Matt. vi. 2.

10 Eph. V. 4.

" Gen. XV. 6.

'2 Isa. vii. 9.

■^ Matt. xiv. 31.

'< Matt. xvii. 20.

'5 Mark xi. 24.

"> Mark ix. 22.

17 Hab. ii 4.

'8 Acts viii. 36, 37. ■ _ _

'9 [The oath on the Bible in our courts, and other Christian forms, are important in Christian morals, as bearing upon our right to seek redress at the law, while it is Christian law.]

546

other, to discuss it among the unrighteous, and not among the saints ? Know ye not that the saints shall judge this world?"' And again: " Now indeed there is altogether a fault among you, because ye have judgments one against an- other. Wherefore do ye not rather suffer injury ? or wherefore are ye not rather defrauded? But ye do wrong, and defraud, and this your breth- ren. Know ye not that the imrighteous shall not obtain the kingdom of God? " ^

45. That hope is of future things, and there-

fore that our faith concerning those things which are promised ought to be patient.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Romans : " We are saved by hope. But hope that is seen is not hope ; for what a man seeth, why doth he hope for? But if we hope for what we see not, we hope ^ for it in patience." •♦

46. That a woman ought to be silent in the

church.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : •" Let women be silent in the church. But if any wish to learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home." s Also to Timothy : " Let a woman learn with silence, in all subjection. But I permit not a woman to teach, nor to be set over the man, but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve ; and Adam was not seduced, but the woman was seduced." ^

47. That it arises from our fault and our de-

sert that we suffer, and do not perceive God's help in everything.

In Hosea : " Hear ye the word of the Lord, ye children of Israel : because judgment is from the Lord against the inhabitants of the earth, because there is neither mercy nor truth, nor acknowledgment of God upon the earth ; but cursing, and lying, and slaughter, and theft, and adultery is scattered abroad upon the earth : they mingle blood to blood. Therefore the land shall mourn, with all its inhabitants, with the beasts of the field, with the creeping things of the earth, with the birds of heaven ; and tlie fishes of the sea shall fail : so that no man may judge, no man may refute." ^ Of this same thing in Isaiah : ■" Is not the Lord's hand strong to save, or has He weighed down His ear that He may not hear?

' I Cor. vi. I, 2.

^ I Cor. vi. 7-9.

^ Some read " exspectamus," " we wait for it."

* Rom. viii 24, 25.

5 I Cor. xiv, 34, 35. [Women might have spiritu.il gifts, like the daughters of Philip, Acts xxi. g; but even such are here forbidden to use them in the public worship of the Church.]

^ ! Tim. ii. 11-14.

' Hos. iv. 1-4.

But your sins separate between you and God ; and on account of your iniquities He turns away His face from you, lest He should pity. For your hands are polluted with blood, and your fingers with sins ; and your lips have spoken wickedness, and your tongue devises unright- eousness. No one speaks true things, neither is judgment true. They trust in vanity, and speak emptiness, who conceive sorrow, and bring forth wickedness." ^ Also in Zephaniah : " In failing, let it fail from the face of the earth, saith the Lord. Let man fail, and cattle ; let the birds of heaven fail, and the fishes of the sea ; and I will take away the unrighteous from the face of the earth." 9

48. That we must not take usury.

In the thirteenth Psalm : '° " He that hath not given his money upon usury, and has not received gifts concerning the innocent. He who doeth these things shall not be moved for ever." " Also in Ezekiel : " But the man who will be righteous, shall not oppress a man, and shall return the pledge of the debtor, and shall not commit rapine, and shall give his bread to the hungry, and shall cover the naked, and shall not give his money for usury." '^ Also in Deuteronomy : " Thou shalt not lend to thy brother with usury of money, and with usury of victuals." '^

49. That even our enemies must be loved.

In the Gospel according to Luke : " If ye love those who love you, what thank have ye ? For even sinners love those who love them." '* Also according to Matthew : " Love your enemies, and pray for those who persecute you, that ye may be the children of your Father who is in heaven, who maketh His sun to rise upon the good and the evil, and giveth rain upon the righteous and the unrighteous." '5

50. That the sacrament of faith must not, be

profaned.

In Solomon, in the Proverbs : " Say not any- thing in the ears of a foolish man ; lest, when he hears it, he may mock at thy wise words." '*^ Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Give not that which is holy to dogs ; neither cast ye your pearls before the swine, lest perchance they trample them down with their feet, and turn again and crush you." '7

8 Tsa. lix. 1-4.

9 Zeph. i. 2, 3.

'o The Oxford edition has '

' the fourteenth."

[Elucidation XIII.]

" Ps. XV. 6.

'- F.zek. xviii. 7, 8.

'i Pent, xxiii. 19.

'* T-uke vi. 32.

'5 Matt. v. 44, 45.

■'> Prov. xxiii. 9.

'■■■ Matt. vii. 6.

547

51. That no one should be upUfted in his

labour.'

In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus : " Extol not thyself in doing thy work." - Also in the Gospel according to Luke : " Which of you, having a servant ploughing, or a shepherd, says to him when he cometh from the field, Pass forward and recline? But he says to him, Make ready some- what that I may sup, and gird thyself, and min- ister to me, until I eat and drink ; and afterwards thou shalt eat and drink? Does he thank that servant because he has done what was com- manded him ? So also ye, when ye shall have ■done that which is commanded you, say. We are unprofitable servants ; we have done what we had to do." ^

52. That the liberty of bsJieving or of not be-

lieving is placed in free choice.

In Deuteronomy : " Lo, I have set before thy face life and death, good and evil. Choose for thyself life, that thou mayest live." + Also in Isaiah : " And if ye be willing, and hear me, ye shall eat the good of the land. But if ye be unwilling, and will not hear me, the sword shall consume you. For the mouth of the Lord hath spoken these things." 5 Also in the Gospel ac- cording to Luke : " The kingdom of God is within you.'' ^ "^

53. That he secrets of God cannot be seen

through, and therefore that our faith ought to be simple.7

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " We see now through the glass in an enigma, but then with face to face. Now I know partly ; but then I shall know even as also I am known." ^ Also in Solomon, in Wisdom : " And in simpli- city of heart seek Him." *? Also in the same : '' He who vvalketh with simplicity, walketh trust- fully." '° Also in the same : " Seek not things higher than thyself, and look not into things stronger than thyself." " Also in Solomon : "Be not excessively righteous, and do not reason more than is required." '^ Also in Isaiah : "Woe unto them who are convicted in themselves." '^ Also in the Maccabees : " Daniel in his simpli- city was delivered from the mouth of the lions." '-♦

Also in the Epistle of Paul to the Romans : "Oh the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowl- edge of God ! How incomprehensible are His judgments, and how unsearchable are His ways ! For who has known the mind of the Lord ? or who has been His counsellor ? or who has first given to Him, and it shall be recompensed to him again? Because from Him, and through Him, and in Him, are all things : to Him be glory for ever and ever." '5 Also to Timothy : " But fool- ish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they generate strifes. But the servant of God ought not to strive, but to be gentle towards all

• [Hab. i. 16; Ps. cxxxi. i.]

2 Ecclus. X. 26.

3 Luke xvii. 7-10. •• Deut. xiii. 19.

5 Isa. i. 19.

^ Luke xvii. 21.

7 [The aphoristic force of these " heads " is often striking in the original; e.g., " Dei arcana perspici non posse, et ideo fidem nostram simplicem esse debere."]

^ I Cor. xiii. 12.

9 Wisd. i. I. 'o Prov. X. 9. " Eccles. iii. 2t. '- Ecclus. vii. 17. '3 Isa. xxix. 15. 1* I Mace. ii. 60.

men

>' i6

54. That no one is without filth and without

sin.

In Job : " For who is pure from filth? Not one ; even if his life be of one day on the earth." '^ Also in the fiftieth Psalm : " Behold, I was con- ceived in iniquities, and in sins hath my mother conceived me." '^ Also in the Epistle of John : " If we say that we have no sin, we deceive our- selves, and the truth is not in us." "^

55. That we must not please men, but God.

In the fifty-second Psalm : " They that please men are confounded, because God hath made them nothing." -° Also in the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians : " If I wished to please men, I should not be the servant of Christ." ^'

56. That nothing that is done is hidden from

God.

In the Wisdom of Solomon : " In every place the eyes of God look upon the good and evil."" Also in Jeremiah : " I am a God at hand, and not a God afar off. If a man should be hidden in the secret place, shall I not therefore see him ? Do not I fill heaven and earth ? saith the Lord." ^^ Also in the first of Kings : " Man looketh on the face, but God on the heart." ^* Also in the Apoc- alypse : " And all the churches shall know that I am the searcher of the reins and heart ; and I will give to every one of you according to his works." ^5 Also in the eighteenth Psalm : " Who understands his faults ? Cleanse Thou me from my secret sins, O Lord." -^ Also in the second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " We must all be manifested before the tribunal of Christ,

'S Rom. xi. 33-36. '^ 2 Tim. ii. 23, 24. '^ Job xiv. 4, 5. , 18 Ps. Ii. 5. '9 I John i. 8. 20 Ps. liii. 5. = 1 Gal. i. 10. ^- Prov. XV. 3. -3 Jer. xxiii. 23, 24. -* I Sam. xvi. 7.

25 Rev. ii. 23.

26 Ps. xix. l'2.

i48

that every one may bear again the things which belong to his own body, according to what he hath done, whether good or evil." '

57. That the behever is amended and re- served.

In the cxviith Psahii : "The Lord amending hath amended me, and hath not dehvered me to death." ^ Also in the eighty-eighth Psalm : " I wiii visit their transgressions with a rod, and their sins with scourges. But my mercy will I not scatter away from them." 3 Also in Mal- achi : " And He shall sit melting and purifying, as it were, gold and silver; and He shall purify the sons of Levi." •« Also in the Gospel : " Thou shalt not go out thence until thou pay the utter- most farthing." s

58. That no one should be made sad by death ; since in living is labour and peril, in dying peace and the certainty of resur- rection.

In Genesis : " Then said the Lord to Adam, Because thou hast hearkened to the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of that tree of which alone I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat, cursed shall be the ground in all thy works ; in sadness and groaning shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life : thorns and thistles shall it cast forth to thee ; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field in the sweat of thy brow. Thou shalt eat thy bread until thou return unto the earth from which also thou wast taken ; l)e- cause earth thou art, and to earth thou shalt go." (' Also in the same place : " And Enoch pleased (iod, and was not found afterwards ; because God translated him." 7 And in Isaiah : "All flesh is grass, and all the glory of it as the flower of grass. The grass withered, and the flower hath fallen away ; but the word of the Lord abidcth for ever." ^ In Ezekiel : " They say. Our l)ones are become dry, our hope hath perished : we have expired. Therefore prophesy, and say. Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I open your mon- uments, and I will bring you forth from your monuments, and I will bring you into the land of Israel ; and I will put my Spirit upon you, and ye shall live ; and I will place you into your land : and ye shall know that I the Lord have spoken, and will do it, saith the Lord." '> Also in the Wisdom of Solomon : " He was taken away, lest wickedness should change his understand-

ing ; for his soul was pleasing to God." ■° Also in the eighty-third Psalm : " How beloved '■ are thy dwellings. Thou Lord of hosts? My soul desires and hastes to the courts of God." '^ And. in the P:pisde of Paul to the Thessalonians : " But we would not that you should be ignorant, brethren, concerning those who sleep, that ye sorrow not as others which have no hope. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, so also them which have fallen asleep in Jesus will God bring with Him." '3 Also in the first Epistle to the Corinthians : " Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not quickened except it have first died." -4 And again : " Star differeth from star in glory : so also the resurrection. The body is sown in corruption, it rises without corruption ; it is sown in ignominy, it rises again in glory ; it is sown in weakness, it rises again in power ; it is sown an animal body, it rises again a spiritual

j body." '5 And again : " For this corrupdble must put on incorruption, and this mortal p'ut on im- mortality. But when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall come to pass the word that is written. Death is absorbed mto striving. Where, O death, is thy sting? Where,

I O death, is thy striving? " '^ Also in the Gospel

j according to John • " Father, I will that those whom Thou hast given me be with me where I shall be, and may see my glory which Thou hast

; given me before the foundation of the world." "7 Also according to Luke : " Now lettest Thou

; Thy servant depart in peace, O Lord, according to the word ; for mine eyes have seen Thy salva-

: tion." '*' Also according to John : " If ye loved me, ye would rejoice because! go to the Father ; for the Father is greater than I." '9

' 2 Cor. V 10.

'' Ps. cxviii. 18.

] f,s- '"x"'-^. 32,33-

* Mai. 111. 3. 5 Matt. V. 26.

* Gen. iii. 17-19. ' Oeii. V. 24.

* Isa. xl. 6, 7.

9 Kzek. xxxvii. 11-14.

59. Of the idols which the Gentiles think to be gods.

In the Wisdom of Solomon : " All the idols I of the nations they counted gods, which neither have the use of their eyes for seeing, nor their nostrils to receive breath, nor their ears for hear- ing, nor the fingers on their hands for handling ; but their feet also are slow to walk. For man made them ; and he who has borrowed his breath, he fashioned them. But no man will be able to fashion a god like to himself. For since he is mortal, he fashioneth a dead thing with wicked hands. But he himself is better than they whom he worships, since he indeed lived, but

'° Wisd. iv. II, 14.

" Some re.id " amabiles," " amiable."

'^ Ps. Ixxxiv. I, 2.

'3 I Thess. iv. 13, 14.

'■* I Cor. XV. 36.

'-' I Cor. XV. 41-44.

'^ I Cor. XV. 53-55.

''' John. xvii. 24.

" I.uke ii, 29, 30.

'9 John .\lv. 28.

549

they never." ' On this same matter : " Neither ha\e they who ha\e regarded the works known who was the artificer, but have thought that either fire, or wind, or the rapid air, or the circle of the stars, or the abundant water, or the sun and moon, were the gods that rule over the world ; and if, on account of the beauty of these, they have thought thus, let them know how much hiore beautiful than these is the Lord ; or if they have admired their powers and operations, let them perceive from these very things that He who has ■established these mighty things is stronger than they." - Also in the cxxxivth Psalm : " The idols of the nations are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. They have a mouth, and speak not ; they have eyes, and see not ; they have ears, and hear not ; and neither is there any breath in their mouth. Let them who make them become like unto them, and all those who trust in them." ^ Also in the ninety-fifth Psalm : " All the gods of the nations are demons, but the Lord made the heavens." ■♦ Also in Exodus : " Ye shall not make unto yourselves gods of silver nor of gold." 5 And again : " Thou shalt not make to thyself an idol, nor the likeness of any thing." ^ Also in Jeremiah : " Thus saith the Lord, Walk not according to the ways of the heathen ; for they fear those things in their own persons, because the lawful things of the heathen are vain. Wood cut out from the forest is made the work of the carpenter, and melted silver and gold are beautifully arranged : they strengthen them with hammers and nails, and they shall not be moved, for they are fixed. The silver is brought from Tharsis, the gold comes from Moab. All things are the works of the artificers ; they will clothe it with blue and purple ; lifting them, they will carry them, because they will not go forward. Be not afraid of them, because they do no evil, neither is there good in them. Say thus, The gods that have not made the heaven and the earth perish from the earth, and from under this heaven. The heaven hath trembled at this, and hath shuddered much more vehemently, saith the Lord. These evil things hath my people done. They have forsaken the fountain of living water, and have dug out for themselves worn-out wells, which could not hold water. Thy love hath smitten thee, and thy wickedness shall accuse thee. And know and see that it shall be a bitter thing for thee that thou hast forsaken me, saith the Lord thy God, and thou hast not hoped in me, saith thy Lord. Because of old time thou hast resented my yoke, and hast broken thy bonds,

' Wisd. XV. 15-17.

2 Wisd. xiii. 1-4.

3 Ps. cxxxv. 16-18.

* Ps. xcvi. 5. 5 Ex. XX. 23.

* Ex. XX. 4. This section closes here, according to the Oxford text. The Leipzic edition continues as in the above reading.

and hast said, I will not serve, but I will go upon every lofty mountain, and upon every high hill, and upon every shady tree : there I will be confounded with fornication. To the wood and to the stone they have said. Thou art my father ; and to the stone, Thou hast begotten me : and they turned to me their back, and not their face." 7 In Isaiah : " The dragon hath fallen or is dissolved ; their carved works have become as beasts and cattle. Labouring and hungry, and without strength, ye shall bear them bound upon your neck as a heavy burden." ^ And again : " Gathered together, they shall not be able to be saved from war ; but they themselves have been led captive with thee." ^ And again : " To whom have ye likened me ? See and understand that ye err in your heart, who lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, bringing it up to the weight. The workmen have made with their hand the things made ; and, bowing themsehes, they have adored it, and have raised it on their shoulders : and thus they walked. But if they should place them down, they will abide in their place, and will not be moved ; and they will not hear those who cry unto them : they will not save them from evils." '° Also in ' Jeremiah : " The Lord, who made heaven and earth, in strength hath ordered the world, in His wisdom hath stretched forth the heaven, and the multitude of the waters in the heaven. He hath brought out the clouds from the end of the earth, the lightnings in the clouds ; and He hath brought forth the winds from His treasures. Every man is made foolish by his knowledge, every artificer is confounded by his graven images ; because he hath molten a falsehood : there is no breath in them. The works shut up in them are made vain ; in the time of their consideration they shall perish." " And in the Apocalypse : " And the sixth angel sounded with his trumpet. And I heard one of the four cor- ners of the golden ark, which is in the presence of God, saying to the sixth angel who had the trumpet. Loose the four angels which are bound upon the great river Euphrates. And the four angels were loosed, which were prepar'^d for an hour, and a day, and a month, and a year, to slay the third part of men ; and the number of the army of the horsemen was two hundred thousand of thousand : I heard the number of them. And then I saw the horses in the vision, and those that sate upon them, having breast- plates of fire, and of hyacinth, and of sulphur : and the heads of the horses (as the heads of lions) ; and out of their mouth went fire, and

^ Jer. X. 2-5, 9, II, ii. 12, 13, 19, 20, 27. ^ Isa. xlvi. I, 2, 5.

9 Migne refers this to Jer. li. 15-18, but there is nothing corre- sponding to it in the passage '° Isa. xlvi. 6, 7. " Jer. Ii. i6-iq.

550

smoke, and sulphur. By these tliree plagues the third part of men was slain, by the fire, and the smoke, and the sul]>hur which went forth from their mouth, and is in their tails ; for their tails were like unto eels ; for they had heads, and with them they do mischief. .A^nd the rest of the men who were not slain by these plagues, nor repented of the works of the deeds of their hands, that they should not worship demons and idols, that is, inic'vges of gold, and of silver, and of brass, and of stone, and of wood, which can neither see nor walk, repented not also of their murders." ' Also in the same place : " And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man worship the beast and his image, and hath received his mark in his fore- liead or upon his hand, the same shall drink of the wine of His wrath, and shall be punished with fire and sulphur, under the eyes of the holy angels, and under the eyes of the Lamb ; and the smoke of their torments shall ascend up for ever and ever." ^

60. That too great lust of food is not to be

desired.

In Isaiah : " Let us eat and drink, for to-mor- row we shall die. This sin shall not be remitted to you even until ye die." ^ Also in Exodus : '• ,\nd the people sate down to eat and drink, and rose up to play." •♦ Paul, in the first to the Corinthians : " Meat commendeth us not to ( iod ; neither if we eat shall we abound, nor if we eat not shall we want." =. And again : " When ye come together to eat, wait one for another. If any is hungry, let him eat at home, that ye may not come together for judgment." ^ Also to the Romans : " The kingdom of God is not meat and drink, but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Cihost." ^ In the (iospel according to John : *' I have meat which ye know not of. My meat is, that I should do His will who sent me, and should finish H's work." ^

61. That the lust of possessing, and money,

are not to be sought for.

In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus : " He that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver." 9 Also in Proverbs : " He who holdeth back the corn is cursed among the people ; but blessing IS on the head of him that communicateth it." '^ Also in Isaiah : " Woe unto them who join house to house, and lay field to field, that they may

• Rev. ix. T, 13-21. ^ Rev. xiv. 9-11. 3 Isa. xxii. 13, 14. ■♦ Ex. xxxii. 6. 5 I Cor viii. 8. *" I Cor. xi. 33. ' Rom. xiv. 17.

8 John iv. 32, 34.

9 Eccles. V. 10. '" Prov. xi. 26.

take away something from their neighbour. Will ye dwell alone upon the earth?"" -Also in Zephaniah : " They shall build houses, and shall not dwell in them ; and they shall appoint vine- yards, and shall not drink the wine of them, be- cause the day of the Lord is near." '^ Also in the Gospel according to Luke : " For what does it profit a man to make a gain of the whole world, but that he should lose himself? " '3 And again : " But the Lord said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul is required of thee. Whose, then, shall those things be which thou hast provided ? " '■♦ And again : " Remember that thou hast received thy good things in this life, and likewise Lazarus evil things. But now he is besought, and thou grievest." 's And in the Acts of the Apostles : " But Peter said unto him, Silver and gold indeed I have not ; but what I ha\e I give unto you : In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, rise up and walk. And, taking hold of his right hand, he lifted him up." '^ Also in the first to Timothy : " We brought nothing inta this world, but neither can we take anything away. Therefore, having maintenance and cloth- ing, let us with these be content. But they who will become rich fall into temptation and a snare, and many and hurtful lusts, which drown man in perdition and destruction. For the root of all evils is covetousness, which some coveting, have made shipwreck from the faith, and have plunged themselves in many sorrows." '^

62. That marriage is not to be contracted with Gentiles.

In Tobias : " Take a wife from the seed of thy parents, and take not a strange woman wha is not of the tribe of thy parents." '^ Also in Genesis, Abraham sends his servant to take from his seed Rebecca, for his son Isaac. Also in Es- dras, it was not sufficient for God when the Jews were laid waste, unless they forsook their foreign wives, with the children also whom they had begotten of them. Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : *' The woman is bound so long as her husband liveth ; but if he die, she is freed to marry whom she will, only in the Lord. But she will be happier if she abide thus." '9 And again : " Know ye not that your bodies are the members of Christ ? Shall I take the members of Christ, and make them the members of an harlot? Far be it from me. Or know ye not that he who is joined together with an harlot is one body? for two shall be in

" Isa. V. 8.

'- Zeph. i. 13, 14.

'3 Luke ix. 25.

'^ Luke xii. 20.

'S Luke xvi. 25.

"" Acts iii. 6.

" X Tim. vi. 7-10.

'8 Tob. iv. 12.

'9 1 Cor. vii. 39, 40.

55^

one flesh. But he who is joined to the Lord is

one spirit.

Also in the second to the Corin-

thians : " Be not joined together with unbeUev- ers. For what participation is there between righteousness and unrighteousness? or what com- munication hath hght with darkness?"- Also concerning Solorhon in the third book of Kings : " And foreign wives turned away his heart after their gods." ^

63. That the sin of fornication is grievous.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : ■' Every sin whatsoever a man doeth is outside the body ; but he who committeth fornication sinneth against his own body. Ye are not your own, for ye are bought with a great price. Glo- rify and bear the Lord in your body." ■*

64. What are those carnal things which beget

death, and what are the spiritual things which lead to life.

Paul to the Galatians : "The flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh : for these are contrary the one to the other, that ye cannot do even those things which' ye wish. But the deeds of the flesh are mani- fest, which are : adulteries, fornications, impu- rities, filthiness, idolatries, sorceries, murders, hatreds, strifes, emulations, animosities, provo- cations, hatreds, dissensions, heresies, envyings, drunkenness, revellings, and such like : with respect to which I declare, that they who do such things shall not possess the kingdom of God. But. the fruit of the Spirit is charity, joy, peace, magnanimity, goodness, faith, gentleness, continency, chastity. For they who are Christ's have crucified their flesh, with its vices and lusts." s

65. That all sins are put away in baptism.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Neither fornicators, nor those who serve idols, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor the lusters after mankind, nor thieves, nor cheaters, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor robbers, shall obtain the kingdom of God. And these things indeed ye were : but ye are washed, but ye are sancti- fied in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in the Spirit of our God." '^

66. That the discipline of God is to be ob-

served in Church precepts.

In Jeremiah : " And I will give to you shep- herds according to my own heart ; and they

■ I Cor. vi. 15-17.

- 2 Cor. vi. 14.

3 I Kings xi. 4. [Surely this principle is important in teaching fathers and mothers how to guard the social relations of children.]

* I Cor. vi. 18-20.

5 Gal. V. 17-24.

*> I Cor. vi. 9-1 1.

shall feed the sheep, feeding them with disci- pline." 7 Also in Solomon, in the Proverbs : " My son, neglect not the discipline of God, nor fail when rebuked by Him. For whom God loveth. He rebuketh." '^ Also in the second Psalm : " Keep discipline, lest perchance the Lord should be angry, and ye perish from the right way, when His anger shall bqrn up quickly against you. Blessed are all they who trust in Him." 9 Also in the forty-ninth Psalm: "But to the sinner saith God, For what dost thou set forth my judgments, and takest my covenant into thy mouth? But thou hatest discipline, and hast cast my words behind thee." '° A,lso in the Wisdom of Solomon : " He who casteth away discipline is miserable." "

67. That it was foretold that men should de-

spise sound discipline.

Paul, in the second to Timothy : " There will be a time when they will not endure sound doctrine ; but according to their own lusts will heap to themselves teachers itching in hearing, tickling their ears ; and shall turn away their hearing indeed from the truth, but they shall be converted unto fables." '^

68. That we must depart from him who lives

irregularly and contrary to discipline.

Paul to the Thessalonians : " But we have commanded you, in the name of Jesus Christ,, that ye depart from all brethren who walk disor- derly, and not according to the tradition which they have received from us." '^ Also in the forty- ninth Psalm : " If thou sawest a thief, at once thou rannest with him, and placedst thy portion with the adulterers." ">

69. That the kingdom of God is not in the

wisdom of the world, nor in eloquence,, but in the faith of the cross, and in vir- tue of conversation.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Christ sent me to preach, not in wisdom of discourse, lest the cross of Christ should be- come of no effect. For the word of the cross is foolishness to those who perish ; but to those who are saved it is the power of God. For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and I will reprove the prudence of the prudent. Where is the wise ? where is the scribe ? where is the disputer of this world ? Hath not God

7 Jer. iii. 15.

* Prov. iii. 11, 12.

9 Ps. ii. 12.

•o Ps. 1. 16.

" Wisd. iii. 11.

'2 2 Tim. iv. 3, 4.

'3 2 Thess. iii. 6. [A very noteworthy safeguard of apostolic or- dinances; but mark the charity with which it is softened, 2 Thess.. iii. 14, 15. Compare also cap. ii. 15.]

»* Ps. 1. 18.

552

made foolish the wisdom of this world ? Since indeed, in the wisdom of God, the world by wis- dom knew not God, it pleased God by the fool- ishness of preaching to save them that believe. Because the Jews desire signs, and the Greeks seek for wisdom : but we preach Christ crucified, to the Jews indeed a stumbling-block, and to the Gentiles foolishness ; but to them that are called, Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of (iod." ' And again : " Let no man deceive himself. If any man think that he is wise among you, let him become a fool to this world, that he may be wise. For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written. Thou shalt rebuke the wise in their own craftiness." - And again : "The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise, that they are foolish." 3

70. That we must obey parents.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians : "Children, be obedient to your parents : for this is right. Honour thy father and thy mother (which is the first command with promise), that it may be well with thee, and thou mayest be long-lived on the earth." ■♦

71. And that fathers also should not be harsh

in respect of their children.

Also in the same place : " And, ye fathers, drive not your children to wrath : but nourish them in the discipline and rebuke of the Lord." 5

72. That servants, when they have believed,

ought to serve their carnal masters the better.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians : " Servants, obey your fleshly masters with fear and trembling, and in simplicity of your heart, as to Christ ; not serving for the eye, as if you were pleasing men ; but as servants of God." '^

73. Moreover, that masters should be the

more gentle.

Also in the same place : " And, ye masters, <io the same things to them, forbearing anger : knowing that both your Master and theirs is in heaven ; and there is no choice of persons with Him." 7

74. That all widows that are approved are to

be held in honour.

In the first Epistle of Paul to Timothy : " Honour widows which are truly widows. But

' I Cor. i. 17-24. ^ I Cor. iii. 18-20. 3 Ps. xciii. n.

* Eph. vi. 1-3. ' Eph. vi. 4.

* Eph. vi. 5, 5. ' Eph. vi. 9.

the widow that is wanton, is dead while she liveth."*^ And again : "But the younger widows pass by : for when they shall be wanton in Christ, they wish to marry ; having judgment, because they have cast off their first faith." ^

75. That every person ought to have care

rather of his own people, and especially of believers.

The apostle in his first Epistle to Timothy : " But if any take not care of his own, and espe- cially of those of his own household, he denies the faith, and is worse than an infidel." ■" Of this same thing in Isaiah : "If thou shalt see the naked, clothe him ; and despise not those who are of the household of thine own seed." " Of which members of the household it is said in the Gospel : " If they have called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much rather them of his household ! " '^

76. That an elder must not be rashly accused.

In the first to Timothy : " Against an elder .receive not an accusation." '^

77. That the sinner must be publicly reproved.

In the first Epistle of Paul to Timothy : " Re- buke them that sin in the presence of all, that others also may be afraid." '•♦

78. That we must not speak with heretics.

To Titus : " A man that is an heretic, after one rebuke avoid ; knowing that one of such sort is perverted, and sinneth, and is by his own self condemned." '5 Of this same thing in the Epistle of John : " They went out from among us, but they were not of us ; for if they had been of us, they would doubtless have remained with us." '•' Also in the second to Timothy : " Their word doth creep as a canker." '^

79. That innocency asks with confidence, and

obtains.

In the Epistle of John : " If our heart blame us not, we have confidence towards God ; and whatever we ask, we shall receive from Him." '*' Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " Blessed are they of a pure heart, for they shall see God." '^ Also in the twenty-third Psalm : "Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord?

8 I Tim. V. 3, 6.

9 I Tim. V. II, 12. •o I Tim. V. 8.

" Isa. Iviii. 7. " Matt. X. 25. '^ I Tim. V. 19. '•• I Tim. V. 20. " Tit. iii. 10, II. "> I John ii. 19. '^ 2 Tim. ii. 17. " I John ii. 21, 22. '9 Matt. V. 3.

55:

or who shall stand in His holy place? The innocent in hands and of a pure heart." '

80. That the devil has no power against man

unless God have allowed it.

In the Gospel according to John : " Jesus said, Thou couldest have no power against me, unless it were given thee from above." ^ Also in the third of Kings : " And God stirred up Satan against Solomon himself." ^ Also in Job, first of all God permitted, and then it was allowed to the devil ; and in the Gospel, the Lord first permitted, by saying to Judas, " What thou doest, do quickly." ■♦ Also in Solomon, in the Proverbs : *' The heart of the king is in God's hand." 5

8 1 . That wages be quickly paid to the hireling.

In Leviticus : " The \vages of thy hireling shall not sleep with thee until the morning." ^

82. That divination must not be used.

In Deuteronomy : " Do not use omens nor auguries." ^

8^. That a tuft of hair is not to be worn on the head.

In Leviticus : " Ye shall not make a tuft from the hair of your head." ^

84. That the beard must not be plucked. "Ye shall not deface the figure of your beard."''

85. That we must rise when a bishop or a

presbyter comes.

In Leviticus : " Thou shalt rise up before the face of the elder, and shalt honour the person of the presbyter." '°

86. That a schism must not be made, even

although he who withdraws should re- main in one faith, and in the same tra- dition.

In Ecclesiasticus, in Solomon : " He that cleaveth firewood shall be endangered by it if the iron shall fall off." " Also in Exodus : " In one house shall it be eaten : ye shall not cast forth the flesh abroad out of the house." '^ Also in the cxxxiid Psalm: "Behold how good and how pleasant a thing it is that brethren should

' Ps. xxiv. 3, 4.

- John xix. II.

3 I Kings xi. 23.

* John xiii. 27.

5 Prov. xxi. I.

'^ Lev. xix. 13.

^ Deut. xviii 10.

' Lev. ,vix. 27. ['^ee p 530, sitfira, the note and reference.]

9 Lev. xix. 27. LCompare Clement, vol. ii. p. 280, this series.] 10 Lev. xix. 32. ^' Eccles. x. 9. "- Ex. xii. 4.

dwell in unity ! " '^ Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " He that is not with me is against me ; and he that gathereth not with me scatter- eth." '•♦ Also in the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " But I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all say the same thing, and that there be no schisms among you ; but that ye be all joined together in the same mind and in the same opinion." '5 Also in the sixty-seventh Psalm : " God, who maketh men to dwell with one mind in a house." '^

87. That believers ought to be simple, with

prudence.

In the Gospel according to Matthew : " Be ye prudent as serpents, and simple as doves." '' And again : " Ye are the salt of the earth. But if the salt have lost his savour, in what shall it be salted? It is good for nothing, but to be cast out abroad, and to be trodden under foot of men." '^

88. That a brother must not be deceived.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Thessalo- nians : " That a man do not deceive his brother in a matter, because God is the avenger for all these." "9

89. That the end of the world comes suddenly.

The apostle says : "The day of the Lord shall so come as a thief in the night. When they shall say. Peace and security, then on them shall come sudden destruction." ^° Also in the Acts of the Apostles : " No one can know the times or the seasons which the Father has placed in His own power." ^'

90. That a wife must not depart from her

husband ; or if she should depart, she must remain unmarried.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " But to them that are married I command, yet not I, but the Lord, that the wife should not be separated from her husband ; but if she should depart, that she remain unmarried or be reconciled to her husband : >and that the hus- band should not put away his wife." ^^

91. That every one is tempted so much as

he is able to bear.

In the first Epistle of Paul to the Corinthi- ans : " No temptation shall take you, except

" Ps. cxx.xiii. I.

'* Matt. xii. 30.

'5 T Cor. i. 10.

'6 Ps. Ixviii 6. [So Vulgate and Anglican Psalter.]

"' Matt x. 16.

18 Matt. v. 13.

'■^ I Thess. iv. 6.

2° I Thess. v. 2, 3.

21 Acts i. 7.

-- I Cor. vii. 10, II.

554

such is human. But God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able ; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it." '

92. That not everything is to be done which

is lawful.

Paul, in the first Epistle to the Corinthians : " All things are lawful, but all things are not expedient : all things are lawful, but all things edify not." ^

93. That it was foretold that heresies would

arise.

In the first epistle of Paul to the Corinthians : " Heresies must needs be, in order that they which are approved may be made manifest among you." ^

94. That the Eucharist is to be received with

fear and honour.'*

In Leviticus : " But whatever soul shall eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of salvation, which is the Lord's, and his uncleanness is still upon him, that soul shall perish from his people." s Also in the first to the Corinthians : " Whosoever shall eat the bread or drink the cup of the Lord unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord." ^

95. That we are to live with the good, but to

avoid the evil.

In Solomon, in the Proverbs : " Bring not the impious man into the habitation of the right- eous." 7 Also in the same, in Ecclesiasticus : " Let righteous men be thy guests." ^ And again : " The faithful friend is a medicine of Ufe and of immortality."'' Also in the same place : " Be thou far from the man who has the power to slay, and thou shalt not suspect fear." '° Also in the same place, : " Blessed is he who findeth a true friend, and who speaketh righteousness to the listening ear." " Also in the same place : " Hedge thine ears with thorns, and hear not a wicked tongue." '^ Also in the seventeenth Psalm : " With the righteous Thou shalt be jus- tified ; and with the innocent man Thou shalt l)e innocent ; and with the froward man Thou shalt be froward." '^ Also in the first Epistle of

' 1 Cor. X. 13. - I Cor. X. 23. ■' I Cor. xi. 19.

* [Note, not to be worshipped, but received.] 5 Lev. vii. 20.

'■ I Cor. xi. 27. 7 Prov. xxiv. 15.

* Ecclus. ix. 16. 9 Ecclue. vi. 16.

'° Ecclus. ix. 13. " Ecclus. XXV. 9. '- Ecclus. xxviii. 24. '3 Ps. xviii. 25, 26.

Paul to the Corinthians : " Evil communica- tions corrupt good dispositions." '"^

96. That we must labour not with words, but

with deeds.

In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus : " Be not hasty in thy tongue, and in thy deeds useless and remiss." '5 And Paul, in the first to the Cor- inthians : " The kingdom of God is not in word, but in power." '^ Also to the Romans : " Not the hearers of the law are righteous before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified." '7 Also in the Gospel according to Matthew : " He who shall do and teach so, shall be called great- est in the kingdom of heaven." ''^ Also in the same place : " Every one who heareth my words, and doeth them, I will liken him to a wise man who built his house upon a rock. The rain de- scended, the floods came, the winds blew, and beat upon that house, and it fell not : for it was founded upon a rock. And every one who heareth my words, and doeth them not, I will liken him to the foolish man, who built his house upon the sand. The rain descended, the floods came, the winds blew, and beat upon that house ; and it fell : and its ruin became great." "^

97. That we must hasten to faith and to at-

tainment.

In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus : " Delay not to be converted to God, and do not put off from day to day ; for His anger cometh suddenly." ^°

98. That the catechumen ought now no longer

to sin.^'

In the Epistle of Paul to the Romans : " Let us do evil until the good things come ; whose condemnation is just." ^^

99. That judgment will be according to the

times, either of equity before the law, or of law after Moses.

Paul to the Romans : " As many as have sinned without law, shall perish without law ; and as many as have sinned in the law, shall be judged also by the law." ^3

100. That the grace of God ought to be with-

out price.

In the Acts of the Apostles: "Thy money be in perdition with thyself, because thou hast

'< I Cor. XV. 33. '5 Ecclus. iv. 29. '^ 1 Cor. iv. 20. '7 Rom. ii. 13. '8 Matt. V. 19. '9 Matt. vii. 24-27. -° Ecclus. V. 7.

2' [Converts preparing for baptism. Apostolical Constitutions, and Bunsen's Hipfiolytiis, vol. iii. pp. 3-24.] 22 Rom. iii. 8. -3 Rom. ii. 12.

THE TREATISES OE CYPRIAN

555

thought that the grace of God is possessed by money." ' Also in the Gospel : " Freely ye have received, freely give." - Also in the same ])lace : " Ye have made my Father's house a house of merchandise ; and ye liave made the house of prayer a den of thieves."'' Also in Isaiah : " Ye who thirst, go to the water, and as many as have not money : go, and buy, and drink without money."-* Also in the Apoca- lypse : " I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give to him that thirsteth from the fountain of the water of life freely. He who shall overcome shall possess these things, and their inheritance ; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son." s

loi. That the Holy Spirit has frequently ap- peared in fire.

In Exodus : '• And the whole of Mount Sinai smoked, because God had come down upon it in fire."^ Also in the Acts of the Apostles.: " And suddenly there was made a sound from heaven, as if a vehement blast were borne along, and it filled the whole of that place in which they were sitting. .And there appeared to them cloven tongues as if of fire, which also settled upon each of them ; and they were all filled •vith the Holv Ghost." ^ .Also in the sacrifices, /hatsoever God accounted accepted, fire de- scended from heaven, which consumed what was sacrificed. In Exodus : " The angel of the Lord appeared in a flame of fire from the bush." «

1 02. That all good men ought willingly to

hear rebuke.

In Solomon, in the Proverbs : " He who re- ])roveth a wicked man shall be hated by him. Rebuke a wise man, and he will love you." 9

103. That we must abstain from much speak-

ing.

In Solomon : " Out of much speaking thou shalt not escape sin ; but sparing thy lips, thou shall be wise." '°

104. That we must not lie.

'' Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord." "

' Acts viii. 20. = Matt. X 8.

3 Malt. xxi. 13. The latter clause of this quotation is omitted by the Oxford editor.

* Isa. Iv I.

5 Rev. xxi. 6, 7.

6 Ex. xix. 18.

7 Acts, ii. 2-4.

* Ex. iii. 2.

9 Prov. ix. 8. '° Prov. X. 19 '' Prov. xii. 22,

105. That they are frequently to be corrected who do wrong in domestic duty.

In Solomon : " He who spare th the rod, hat- eth his son." '- .And again : " Do not cease from correcting the child." '^

106. That when a wrong is received, patience

is to be maintained, and vengeance to be left to God.

Say not, I will avenge me of mine enemy ; but wait for the Lord, that He may be thy help." '•* Also elsewhere : " To me belongeth vengeance ; I will repay, saith the Lord." 's Also in Zepha- niah : " Wait on me, saith the Lord, in the day of my rising again to witness ; because my judg- ment is to the congregations of the Gentiles, that I may take kings, and pour out upon them my anger." '^

107. That we must not use detraction.

In Solomon, in the Proverbs : " Love not to detract, lest thou be taken away." '7 Also in the forty-ninth Psalm : " Thou sattest, and spak- est against thy brother ; and against the son of thy mother thou placedst a stumbling-block." '^ Also in the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians : "? " To speak ill of no man, nor to be litigious." ^°

108. That we must not lay snares against our

neighbour.

In Solomon, in the Proverbs : " He who dig- geth a pit for his neighbour, himself shall fall into it." ^'

109. That the sick are to be visited.^^

In Solomon, in Ecclesiasticus : " Be not slack to visit the sick man ; for from these things thou shalt be strengthened in love." ^^ Also in the Gospel : " I was sick, and ye visited me ; I was in prison, and ye came unto me." ^*

no. That tale-bearers are accursed.

In Ecclesiasticus, in Solomon : " The tale- bearer and the double-tongued is accursed ; for he will disturb many who have peace." ^s

'- Prov. xiii. 24.

'3 Prov. xix. 18.

'* Lev. xix. 18.

'5 Deut. xxxii. 35.

'«■ Zeph. iii 8.

■7 Prov. XX. 13 (LXX.).

" Ps. 1. 20.

■9 Oxford edition, " to Titus."

^° Tit. iii. 2.

^' Prov. xxvi. 27.

'- [Elucidation XII. See p. 528, su/nt.^

^3 Ecclus. vii. 39.

-* Matt. XXV. 36.

-5 Ecclus. xxviii. 15.

556

THE tri:atisp:s of cyprian.

III.

That the sacrifices of the wicked are not

acceptable.

In the same : " The Highest approveth not the gifts of the unrighteous." '

112. That those are more who in this world power.

severely judged, have had more

In Solomon : " The hardest judgment shall be made on those who govern. For to a mean man mercy is granted ; but the powerful shall suffer torments mightily." ^ Also in the second Psalm : " And now, ye kings, understand ; be amended, ye who judge the earth." ^

113. That the widow and orphans ought to be

protected.

In Solomon : " Be merciful to the orphans as a father, and as a husband to their mother ; and thou shalt be the son of the Highest if thou shalt obey." •♦ Also in Exodus : " Ye shall not afflict any widow and orphan. But if ye afflict them, and they cry out and call unto me, I will hear their cryings, and will be angry in mind against you ; and I will destroy you with the sword, and your wives shall be widows, and your children orphans." 5 Also in Isaiah : "Judge for the fatherless, and justify the widow ; and come, let us reason, saith the Lord." ^ Also in Job : " I have preserved the poor man from the hand of the mighty, and I have helped the fatherless, who had no helper : the mouth of the widow hath blessed me." ^ Also in the sixty-seventh Psalm : " The Father of the orphans, and the Judge of the widows." *

114. That one ought to make confession while

he is in the flesh.

In the fifth Psalm : " But in the grave who will confess unto Thee?"^ Also in the twenty-ninth Psalm : " Shall the dust make confession to Thee?"'° Also elsewhere that confession is to be made : " I would rather have the repentance of the sinner than his death."" Also in Jere- miah: "Thus saith the Lord, Shall not he that falleth arise ? or shall not he that is turned away be converted?" '^

' Eccliis. .\xxiv. 19. 2 Wisd vi. 6. ^ Ps. ii. 10. ^ Ecclus. iv. 10. 5 Ex. xxii. 22-24.

* Isa. i. 17, 18.

^ Job xxix. 12, 13.

* Ps. Ixviii. 5.

9 Ps. vi. 5. [Here, as often, the grave is represented as enjoying a temporary victory', for the flesh is no longer capable of worship. Not till the whole man is restored comes i Cor. xv. 54, 55.]

'° Ps. XXX. 9.

" Ezek. xxxiii. n. ^' Jor. viii. 4.

115. That flattery is pernicious.

In Isaiah : " They who call you blessed, lead you into error, and trouble the paths of your feet." '3

116. That God is more loved by him who has

had many sins forgiven in baptism.

In the Gospel according to Luke : " To whom much is forgiven, he loveth much ; and to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little." '■»

117.

That there is a strong conflict to be waged against the devil, and that therefore we ought to stand bravely, that we may be able to conquer.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians : "Our wrestle is not against flesh and blood, but against the powers and princes of this world, and of this darkness ; against the spiritual things of wickedness in the heavenly places. Because of this, put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to resist in the most evil day ; that when ye have accomplished all, ye may stand, having your loins girt in the truth of the Gospel, putting on the breastplate of righteousness, and having your feet shod with the preparation of the Gospel of peace ; in all things taking the shield of faith, in which ye may extinguish all the fiery darts of the most wicked one ; and take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God." '5

1 1 8. Also of Antichrist, that he will come as a man.

In Isaiah : " This is the man who arouseth the earth, who disturbeth kings, who maketh the whole earth a desert." '^

119.

That the yoke of the law was heavy, which is cast off" by us, and that the Lord's yoke is easy, which is taken uj) by us.

In the second Psalm : " Wlierefore have the heathen been in tumult, and the peoples medi- tated vain things? The kings of the earth have stood up, and their princes have been gathered together against the Lord, and against His Christ. Let us break their bonds asunder, and cast away from us their yoke." '7 Also in the Gospel ac- cording to Matthew : "Come unto me, ye who labour and are burdened, and I will make you to rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of

" Tsa. iii. 12.

'< Luke v'ii. 47.

■S Eph. vi. 12-17.

"i Isa. xiv. 16.

" Ps. ii. 1-3.

ELUCIDATIONS. 557

me : for I am meek and lowly of heart,' and ye shall find rest for your souls. For my yoke • is good, and my burden is light." - Also in the Acts of the Apostles : " It seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to impose upon you no other burden than those things which are of necessity, that you should abstain from idola- tries, from shedding of blood, and from fornica- tion. And whatsoever you would not to be done unto you, do not to others." ^

' In one codex, from this point all the rest is wanting.

2 Matt. xi. 28-30.

3 Acts XV. 28, 29.

120. That we are to be urgent in prayers.

In the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians : " Be instant in prayer, and watch therein." ■♦ Also in the first Psalm : " But in the law of the Lord is his will, and in His law will he meditate day and night." s

* Col. iv. 2.

5 Ps. i. 2. The Oxford edition continues: " Likewise In Solomon ; ' Be not hindered from praying ever, and delay not unto death to be justified; for the repayment of the Lord abideth for ever.'" [In a day when there were few Bibles, and no printed books, no concord- ances, and no published collections of this sort, reflect on the value of this treatise to a young believer, and on the labour of his pastor in making it.]

ELUCIDATIONS

(On the unity of the Church, p. 421.)

The epistles have already been elucidated as the best exposition of this treatise. Little need be added. But, to illustrate the bearings of this treatise upon the history of Christian unity, we need only refer to the manner in which the subject was treated as soon as the papacy was created by Nicholas 1. Thus, he astounded the Greeks by his consummate audacity (a.d. 860) in the matter of the disputed succession in Constantinople.' " // is our will,'" he says, " that Ignatius should appear before our envoys," etc. He declares it the rule of the Fathers, that, " without the consent of the Roman See and the Roman pontiff, nothing should be decided." Also, he affirms, " The Creator of all things has established the Princedom of the Divine Power, which He granted to His chosen apostles. He has firmly established it os the firm faith of the Prince of the Apostles, — that is to say, Peter, — to whom he pre-eminently granted the first See," etc. He was now speaking on the strength of the forged Decretals, to which he appeals, and which he succeeded in making law for the West. He thus created the lasting schism with the Easterns, who had never heard the like before his time.

Obviously, therefore, had Cyprian entertained such ideas, his treatise could never have been written ; for it is a masterly exposition of a curious point, viz., the fact that ( i ) the Apostle Peter received the first grant alone, and yet (2) all the apostles received precisely the same ; while (i) Peter had thus a primacy of honour, but (2) in no respect any power or authority over his breth- ren. On these admitted facts he constructs his theory of unity, expounding by it the actual state of the Church's constitution. Peter's memory he honours, but without any less reverence for all the apostolic Sees, which over and over again he maintains to be of equal authority and sanctity. That the Church was founded on Stephen any more than on the Bishop of Carthage, he never imagines ; for it is one thing to allow that a bishop has succeeded an apostle at the place of his last labours, and quite another to assume that therefore such a bishop is virtually the apostle himself. Yet this assumption is the ground of all Roman doctrine on this point.-

Had such been Cyprian's idea, his Treatise on Unity xnwii have proceeded thus: (i) "Our Lord said to Peter only, I will give unto thee the keys; (2) to the rest of the aposdes He gave only an inferior and subject authority ; (3) to the successor of Peter, therefore, at Rome, all other

' For the Ultramontane side, -consult the Histoire de Photius, etc., par M. I'Abbe Jager, p. 41, ed. Paris, 1854. For the Greeks, La Papauie Schistnatiqite, etc., par M. I'Abbe Guettec (pp. 286, 288, etc.), Paris, 1863.

^ " Whatever is said in commendation of St. Peter is at once transferred to the occupant of the papacy, as if pasce oves nieas had been said to Pius IX." Burgon, Letters /rom Rome, p. 411, ed. 1862.

558

bishops and churches must be subject ; for (4) in this subjection the law of unity consists ; and (5) if even all the other apostles were alive to this day, they would be subject to Stephen, as Prince of the Apostles, or would be rebels against Christ."

Compare this treatise of Cyprian, then, with any authorized treatise on the subject proceeding from modern Rome, and it will be seen that the two systems are irreconcilable. Thus, in few words, says the Confession' of Pius IV.: "I acknowledge the Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church for the mother and mistress of all churches ; and I promise true obedience to the Bishop of Rome, successor to St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and Vicar of Jesus Christ." This is the voice of Italy in the ninth century ; but Cyprian speaks for CEcumenical Christendom in the third, and the two systems are as contrary as darkness and light.

II.

(Falsifying of the text, p. 422.)

Cyprian is often innocently quoted by Romanist controvertists against the very principles of Cyprian himself, of his life and his writings. This is due to the fact that they have in their hands vitiated and interpolated copies. Thus, take a famous passage as follows : —

CYPRIAN

Loquitur Dominus ad Petrum, Ego tibi dico Tu es Petrus, etc.(=»)

Super unum (^^ sedificat ecclesiam.

Hoc erant utique et caeteri apostoli quod fuit Petrus, qui consortio praediti et honoris et potes- tatis, sed exordium ab unitate proficisitur,^^) ut (<!) Christi ecclesia (^) una monstretur.(f^

Qui Ecclesise resistitur et resistit,Cg) in ecclesia .se esse confidit?

INTERPOLATED

(^) Et iterum eidem, post resurrectionem suam dicit, Pasce oves meas.

(^^ Super //////;/ unum . . . et illi pascendas mandat oves suas.

(*=) Et primatus Petro datur.

(d) Una.

(e) Et cathedra.

(•^ Et pastores sunt omnes et grex unus osten- ditur, qui ab apostolis omnibus, unanimi consen- sione pascatur, etc.

(g)Qui cathedram Petri, super quem fundata est ecclesia deserit, etc.

This is but a specimen of the way in which Cyprian has been " doctored," in order to bring him into a shape capable of being misinterpreted. But you will say where is the proof of such interpolations? The greatly celebrated Benedictine edition reads as the interpolated column does, and who would not credit Baluzius? Now note, Baluzius rejected these interpolations and others; but, dying (a.d. 17 18) with his work unfinished, the completion of the task was assigned to a nameless monk, who confesses that he corrupted the work of Baluzius, or rather glories in the exploit.^ " Nay, further," he says, " it was necessary to alter not a few things in the notes of Baluzius ; and more would have been altered if // could have been done cofwenientfy.'" Yet the edition came forth, and passes as the genuine work of the erudite Baluzius himself.

An edition of this treatise, with valuable annotations, appeared (a.d. 1852) from the press of Burlington, N.J., under the very creditable editorship of Professor Hyde, who was soon after called to depart this life. It exhibits the interpolations, and gives a useful catalogue of codices and of editions. Though its typographical execution is imperfect, I know not where so much condensed information on the subject is to be had at so little cost.^ I am grateful for the real advantage I derived from it on its first appearance.

* Compendium Ritualis Romani, etc., Baltimori, 1842, p. 195.

* Burgon, Letters from Rome, p. 417.

^ Th. C. Cypriani cie Unitate Ecclesice ad optimorum librorum fidem expressa, cum vartis lectionibus, ad notationibus Fellii, BaluziL etc., instructa. Curante M. F. Hyde, M.A., etc., Burlingtoniae, MDCCCLII.

ELUCIDATIONS. 559

III.

(If ye do not forgive, etc., p. 454.)

The Jewish liturgies contained the petitions of the Lord's Prayer essentially ; but our divine Lord framed this comprehensive and sublime compend, and gave it to His children for ever, with His own seal upon it in the exceptional petition which imparts to it the impress of His own cross and passion. In the Gospel of St. Matthew ' we find our Master commenting on the fifth peti- tion in a very striking manner, as if it were the essence of the whole prayer ; and, indeed, it is so, regarded as its evangelical feature, i.e., something added to the law in the spirit of the Atonement. As such, it surprised the apostles ; and He who knew their thoughts instantly anticipated their inquiries : " For if ye forgive men," etc.

From the criticism of a very able editorial hand,^ I feel it a privilege to insert the following valuable comments : —

"The petitions of the Lord's Prayer, as is well known, are to be found for the most part in the Talmud and Jewish liturgies. In the latter we have frequently the phrases, ' our Father, our King,' ' our Father, Father of mercies,' and 'our Father that art in heaven.' The third petition in the Sliemone t-jr^ is, ' Let us hallow the Name in the world as it is hallowed in the high heaven. We will hallow Thee, and Thy praise, O God, shall not leave our mouth for ever and ever; since Thou, O God, art a great and holy King. Praised be Thou, O Lord, thou holy God. Thou art holy, and Thy name is holy, and holy men praise Thee everlastingly every day.' The ineffable name of God represented all His attributes, and is consequently frequently substituted for Him. The end of the first petition in the Kaddish prayer runs 'thus : ' May He extend His kingdom in your days, and in those of the whole house of Israel very soon.' In Berakhoth (29 b) we have, ' What is a short prayer .-' Rabbi Eliezer said, "Thy will be done in heaven, and peace of heart be unto those who fear Thee on earth."' The same tract gives another prayer : ' The needs of Thy people Israel are many, but its discernment is small. Do Thou, O everlasting One, our God, give to each man what he needs for his support, and what his body wants ; but do what seemeth Thee good.' In the Mekiiilta we read that Rabbi Eliezer of Modin, near Jerusalem, said : * Whosoever has enough for the day to eat, and says, What shall I eat to-morrow .' is of little faith.' This pas- sage seems to illustrate the meaning of the Greek fTvtovaiov. The third petition in the Shemone esre runs • " For- give us, O our Father, for we have sinned ; forgive us, O our King, for we have transgressed : since Thou art He that forgiveth and pardoneth.' In reference to this the Midrash Shemoth (par. 31) states, 'There is no crea- ture who does not owe thanks to the Lord ; but He is pitiful and long-suffering, and remitteth old debts.' The daily morning prayer of the Jews contains this petition : * Lead us not into the power of sin, of transgression and crime, of temptation and shame. Let not passion have domi-iion over us, and keep us far from wicked men and evil company.' In one of the prayers composed in Aramaic for the rabbis and leading men of the Jewish com- munity, the passage occurs, ' Defend and deliver them from all evil, and from all evil hap,' which may be com- pared with the petition, 'Deliver us from evil.' The Doxology at the end of the Lord's Prayer has equally Jewish parallels. Thus, one of the daily evening prayers concludes with the words, ' For Thine is the kingdom ; ' I.e., God alone is ruler of the world. The words 'the power and the glory' seem to come from i Chron. xxix. 11, which is quoted in the Talmud; and the Mishna Berakhoth (ix. 5) states, 'In the temple all blessings did not end with " Amen," but with the words "for ever and ever." ' When the heretics multiplied, however, there was only one world ; so the concluding formula became ' from everlasting to everlasting.' "

IV.

(Lift up your hearts, p. 455.)

It is demonstrated by Sir William Palmer that the Sursum Corda is of a date to which no history runneth contrary, and is to be found in all the primitive liturgies of whatever family. For a very early example of its use, I must refer to the Alexandrian liturg)' cited by Bunsen ; ^ and, in short, I beg to refer the reader to all the resources of the fourth volume of his Hippolytus. Little as I can approve of the magisterial air with which Dr. Bunsen undertakes to decide all

' Cap. vi. 14. 2 i\'ew-York [ndependent, April 25, 1873. 3 Hippolytus, vol. iv. p. 161.

56o ELUCIDATIONS.

questions, and little as I sympathize with his abnormal religion, which seems to coincide with that of no existing church or sect in the world, I feel grateful for his industry in collecting materials, and am always interested in the ingenuity with which he works them into his theories. Although he possesses some touchstone unknown to the rest of mankind, by which he reaches and utters pontifical decisions as to what is genuine and what is corrupt, I must record my doubts as to many of his facts, and my dissent from most of his inferences. But, unwilling to refer to Anglican authorities on points so much disputed, I cordially turn to the learned Chevalier, and to the treasures he has collected. See the Greek forms on p. 335 of his fourth volume, followed by the preface on p. 336, and the Tersanctus on p. 337 : ''Ayto?, uytos, ayios, Kupic ^a/iawO, k.t-X.

(To pray and give thanks, p. 457.)

Here comes into view that reference of the apostle ' to the usages of the primitive assemblies : " How shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say A>fien at thy giving of thanks." Though Cyprian omits the final Amen from his express commentary, it is to be noted that our Lord makes it virtually part of this prayer, by His precept (St. John xvi, 23, 24), to ask in His name. Now, He makes this word Amen one of His own names ^ in the Apocalypse; throwing back a new character upon His frequent use of it, especially in St. John's Gospel, and giving it as a sort of appropriation of 2 Cor. i. 20, when He calls Himself "The Amen, the faithful and true Witness." He thus makes it infinitely dear to Christians.^ As in the Jewish usages,-* with which the disciples were familiar, it was a matter of course, we may suppose they added Amen in recit- ing this prayer, but not with their subsequent knowledge that it implies the merits, and claims the mediation, of the Great Intercessor. Rev. v. 8, viii. 3, 4 ; St. John xvii. 8.

Tertullian 5 refers to the responsive " Hallelujah " as " enriched prayer," and the Amen usually accompanied this ejaculation.

VL

(Its failing estate, p. 458.)

Hippolytus * foresaw the democratic age into which the feudal era of iron should pass, cor- roding in the toes by contact with the miry clay of the despised plebs, " the seed of men." No lasting strength was to be imparted to imperialism by i\\Q plebiscite (Dan. ii. 43) ; and the prophet might almost be supposed to have the epoch of dynamite in his sight, as he speaks of the imwil- lingness of the people to cleave to the effete system of empire. Now, then, if " the failing estate " of the world was apparent in the days of Philip and Decius, how much more in our own ! Sixteen human lives span the gulf of time between us and them, for we have many centenarians among us ; and with the Lord " a thousand years are as one day." Compare 2 Pet. iii. 9. And,, putting such Scriptures together, is it not clear that " the last time " (i.e., the last of the seven times of the Gentiles) is drawing to its close? The three and a half times of Daniel extend to the convulsive epoch of Mohammed ; the second moiety (of the seven) to our own age. See Vaber, Sacred Calendar ^ vol. i. cap. iii. pp. 308, 309, etc.

' I Cor. -xiv. 16.

^ Rev. iii. 14

3 Note a striking use of it, as a name of Christ, by Commodian, vol. iv. 43, p. 211.

< Num. v. 22; Deut. xxvii. 15: i Kings i. 36; i Cliron. xvi. 36; Jer. xxviii. 6; in the Psalms /<jj«*>«(.

S Vol. iii. cap. xxvii. p. 690, this series.

* P. J-.8.

7 A most instructive work, though I by no means accept his theories in full.

ELUCIDATIONS. 561

VII.

(Peter, upon whom, etc., p. 486.)

Launoi, the eminent Gallican, found but seve?iteen of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church (among whom he reckons " Fathers " down to the twelfth century) who understand St. Peter to he "the rock," and he cites /<?/•/)' of the contrary opinion." Yet of the "seventeen," most of them speak only rhetorically, and with justifiable freedom. I have often done the same myself^ on the principle which the same apostle applies to a// Christians : "Ye also as lively stones"^ etc. But it is quite noteworthy that the Council of Trent itself momentarily adopts the prevailing patristic and therefore the Catholic interpretation, speaking of the Nicene Creed : 3 "In quo omnes qui fidem Christi profitentur neccssario conveniunt, ac fi/ndajfietifum firmum et unicum, contra quod portse inferi nunquam prsevalebunt (Matt. xvi. 18)." Thus, the faith of Peter is con- fessed the only foundation, in a direct exposition of the text so often quoted with another intent. In spite of all this, the Creed of Pius IV. was enjoined as soon as that council closed ; and every member of the late Vatican Council was made to profess the same verbally before any other business was undertaken. Now, even this spurious creed forced them to swear concerning the Holy Scriptures, " I will never take and interpret them otherwise than according to the imanimoiis consent of the Fathers." Obviously, according to this rule, there is no Catholic doctrine on the subject ; much less any Catholic teaching to the effect that the modern bishops of Rome are " the rock," as really as St. Peter himself.

VIII. (The Eucharist carried in it, p. 488.)

The modem usage of the Latin churches is for the priest to put the wafer into the communi- cant's mouth, an ordinance dating no farther back than a.d. 880. A new doctrine having been forged, and faith in the corporal presence of Christ being forced upon the conscience, a change of ceremonial followed, which indicates the novelty of the idea. Contrast the teaching of St. Cyril of Jerusalem,'* informing his catechumens how they should receive, as follows : —

" Approaching, therefore, come not with thy wrists extended, or thy fingers open ; but make thy left hand a sort of cushion for thy right, which is about to receive the King. And having hollowed thy palm, receive the Body of Christ, saying after it, Atnen.'' ^^ Not discerning the Lord's body," etc., is the language of Scripture ; but, had the apostles taught transubstantiation, this could not be said, for everybody can discern the host when it is uplifted. The Lord's Body is therefore discerned by faith, and so taken and received.

ES.

(Which should be greatest, p. 493.)

How differently our Lord must have settled this inquiry had He given the supremacy to one of the Apostles, or had He designed the supremacy of any single pastor to be perpetual in His Church! "Who should be greatest?" ask this question of any Romanist theologian, and he answers, in the words of the Creed of Pius IV., " the Bishop of Rome, successor to St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and Vicar of Christ." But why was no such answer given by our Lord? And why does St. Peter know nothing of it when he says, " The elders who are among you I

' Guett^e, p. 143, ed. New York.

* Compare Peshito Syriac, where Cephas is the very word applied to all believers. Ed. Trostii, 1621. 3 Richter, Cauones et Decreia, etc., p. 10, ed. Lipsia;, 1853.

* A.D. 348.

562 ELUCIDATIONS.

exhort, who am also an elder . . . feed the flock of God, taking the oversight . . . not as being lords over God's heritage," etc. So also in the Council of Jerusalem, how humbly he sits under the i:)residency of James,' and again how cheerfully he permits the apostles to send him forth, and "give him mission " to Samaria !^ -St. Paul, moreover, who \vas " not a whit behind the chiefest of the Apostles," ^ overrules him, and reforms his judgment.'*

If I have forborne in these notes to refer frequently to the Treatise of Bishop Sage, who often elucidates our author in a very learned manner, it is because he is almost wholly a controvertist, and therefore not to my purpose in this work. For his Cyprian,^ however, I entertain a sincere respect ; and, as it might seem otherwise should I omit all reference to that work, I place its title in the footnote. Profoundly do I feel what another Scottish Doctor ^ has beautifully said, " It is a loss, even to those that oppose errors and divisions, that they are forced to be busied that way."

X.

(From the slender twig, my son, thou hast ascended, p. 513.)

The text of Cyprian ^ is : " Catulus leonis Juda, de frittice fili mi ascendisti, recubans ob- •dormisti velut leo, et velut catulus leonis." Now, with this compare the comment of Calmet, citing the Septuagint {Ik (SXaa-rov = e germine), and rendering by metaphrase, '' e medio planfa- rum, sive herbarum germinantium, ascendisti."

Here, then, we have the idea precisely equivalent to Jer. xlix. 19 : " Ecce quasi ko ascendef de superbia Jordanis." The lion is recumbent among the sprouting twigs {frutice, or foliage) of the Jordan's banks in the springtime. The swelling of the river, which the melting of snows from Lebanon causes to overflow, rouses the reposing creature ; and he goes up into the moun- tains. But Cyprian had in hand the old African,^ which seems to follow the LXX., and St. Jerome's Vulgate did not ; and this woxA frutice animates Cyprian's poetic genius. Its spring- tide imagery corresponding with Easter,'^ he reads into it all the New Testament fulfilment : " Thou layedst down and sleepedst as a lion, and as a lion's whelp — but, from the shooting of the first verdure in spring, thou hast gone upon high — thou hast ascended." " Quis excitabit ilium" is separated from this in the Paris text, and in the Septuagint, which the Old Latin followed, and so I have pointed it, though the Edinburgh reads : " and as a lion's whelp ; who shall stir him up ? "

XL

(Third Book . . . religious teaching of our school, p. 528.)

Quirinus, Cyprian's " son " in the Gospel, seems to me to have been a catechumen of the competent class, i.e., preparing for baptism at Easter ; or possibly of the higher sort, preparing for the first communion. Many tokens lead me to surmise that he may have been of Jewish birth ; and, if so, he was probably baptized Quirinus after St. Luke ii. 2, as St. Paul borrowed his Roman name from Sergius Paulus.'" The use of the word secta, here rendered "school," suggests to me that the Vulgate got it (and so our English version) out of the old African Latin in Acts xxviii. 22.

' Acts XV. 13. ' Acts viii. 14. 3 See Barrow, JVorks, vol. iti. p. 95, ed. New York, 1845.

* Gal. ii. 11-14.

5 The Friticiples of the Cyprianic Age, etc., a.d. 1695. Reprinted, Edinburgh, 1846.

6 Leighton, On St. Peter, i. 2, Works, i. p. 30, London, 1870. ' Ed. Paris, 1574. '

* Scrivener, Introduction, etc., p. 302, ed. 1874.

9 Jordan overflows its banks at the time of the passover. Josh. iti. 15, v. 10, ll. 'o Acts xiii. 7-9.

ELUCIDATIONS. 563

If Quirinus was a Hebrew, there is a playful irony in Cyprian's use of the word in expounding the pure morality of " the sect'' everywhere spoken against.

Origen's treatise Against Celsics shows how cunningly the adversaries of the Gospel could assume a Jewish position against it ; ' and the first two books of that work are designed to establish a perfect harmony between the Old Testament and the New, proving Christ to be the substance and sum of both. Cyprian may have foreseen the perils menacing the Church from the school of Plotinus, already rising, and which soon sent forth the venomous Porphyry. He was but a presbyter when he wrote this excellent defence of the faith ; and his earnest pastoral care for his pupil is shown by his addition of a third book, entirely practical. The catechetical system of St. Luke's day 2 had become a developed feature of the Church (St. Cyril's lectures in the suc- ceeding century show how it was further expanded), and it also illustrates the purity of her moral teaching. Our author harmonizes faith and works, and presents her simple scriptural precepts in marked contrast with the putrid casuistry ^ which Pascal exposes, and which grew up in the West with the enforcement of auricular confession by Innocent III., a.d. 12 15. The theory of tran- substantiation was also made a dogma at the same time, and operated, with the other, to the total extinguishment of the primitive discipline and worship. The withholding of the chalice in th':' Holy Communion followed, a.d. 1415.

XIL

(Good works and mercy, p. 528.)

Clement was able to remind the heathen, half a century before,'* that Christ had " already made the universe an ocean of blessings." Here we have the moral canons of Christianity reflect- ing the Light of the World, and they show us how practically it operated. As I have noted, the first Christian hospital was founded (a.d. 350) by Ephraem Syrus. His example was followed by St. Basil, who also founded another for lepers. The founding of hostels as refuges for travellers was an institution of the Nicene period. " In the time of Chrysostom," says one not too well disposed towards the Gospel, 5 " the church of Antioch supported three thousand widows and virgins, besides strangers and sick. Legacies for the poor became common ; and it was not infre- quent for men and women who desired to live a life of especial sanctity, and especially for priests who attained the episcopacy, as a first act, to bestow their properties in charity. A Christian, it was maintained, should devote at least one-tenth of his profits to the poor. A priest named Thalasius collected blind beggars in an asylum on the banks of the Euphrates. A merchant named ApoUinus founded on Mount Nitria a gratuitous dispensary."

So here our author's canons enforce (i) works of mercy ; (2) almsdeeds ; (3) brotherly love ; (4) mutual support; (5) forgiveness of injuries; (6) the example of Christ's holy living; (7) forbearance; (8) suppression of idle talk; (9) love of enemies ; (10) abhorrence of usury, (11) and avarice, (12) and carnal impurity: also, (13) obedience to parents; (14) parental love; (15) consideration of servants ; (16) respect for the aged; (17) moderation, even in use of things lawful; (18) control of the tongue; (19) abstinence from detraction; (20) to visit the sick; (21) care of widows and orphans ; (22) not to flatter; (23) to practise the Golden Rule ; and (24) to abstain from bloodshed. In short, we have here the outgrowth of the Sermon on the Mount, and of St, Paul's epitome, "Whatsoever things are true," etc.''

* Vol. iv. p. 462. - Luke i. 4. Greek.

3 See that very useful little publication of the S. P. C. K., Dr. Littledale's Plain Reasons against Joining the Church of Rome, pp. 18 and 205.

^ See vol. ii. p. 202, note 5.

5 Lecky, History 0/ European Morals, vol. ii. p. 86, ed. New York, 1872. See vol. ii. p. 202, note 5.

6 Phil. iv. 8.

564 ELUCIDATIONS.

XIII.

(In the thirteenth Psalm, p. 546.)

The note says that the Oxford edition gives it as the fourteenth, while in our English Bibles it is the fifteentli. As 1 find that some of the readers of these works are puzzled by such con- fusions, I note retrospectively, as well as for future reference, the origin of such apparent blunders.

1. Our English version follows the Hebrew numbering, which is reputed the most accurate. By that a psalm is cited in the New Testament as if the numbering itself were important, and the product of inspired wisdom.'

2. But the Cireek Psalter differs from the Hebrew ; Psalms ix. and x. being made into one, as confessedly their material suggests. The Seventy joined also Psalms cxiv. and cxv. But they divided Psalm cxvi., and also Psalm cxlvii.

3. The Vulgate Latin follows the LXX. ; and our Ante-Nicene Fathers usually quote the Septuagint, or else the Old Latin, by which the Vulgate was probably governed. In the Vulgate, alsO; the Hebrew prefaces are often numbered as if they were verses, which is another source of confusion.

4. By the fusion of Psalms ix. and x., our Psalm xv. becomes the xiv., and so the Vulgate gives it ; and the Oxford translators follow that.

5. But our text says " Psalm xiii.," and for this it is not easy to account. The Oxford editors regard it as a mere corruption of the text, and change it accordingly.

* Acts xiii. 33.